Journal of Population Sciences
Table 3 Contributions of changes in mortality (M effect) and populations’ educational structure (P effect) to differences in life expectancy at age 30 (e30) for Italy (1991–2011), Denmark (1990–2010), and the USA (1990–2010), stratified by gender
Italy | Denmark | USA | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Years | Percent | Years | Percent | Years | Percent | |
Men | ||||||
Total difference in e30 | 5.1 | 100.0 | 4.2 | 100.0 | 3.8 | 100.0 |
M effect (mortality) | 4.0 | 78.8 | 3.2 | 78.1 | 3.2 | 83.6 |
Low education | 2.9 | 57.9 | 1.4 | 34.6 | 0.3 | 8.6 |
Medium education | 0.8 | 15.9 | 1.2 | 28.3 | 1.9 | 48.4 |
High education | 0.3 | 5.0 | 0.6 | 15.2 | 1.0 | 26.6 |
P effect (structure) | 1.1 | 21.2 | 1.0 | 21.9 | 0.6 | 16.4 |
Women | ||||||
Total difference in e30 | 3.6 | 100.0 | 2.9 | 100.0 | 1.9 | 100.0 |
M effect (mortality) | 2.9 | 80.4 | 1.8 | 60.5 | 1.5 | 79.0 |
Low education | 2.4 | 67.7 | 0.8 | 26.4 | − 0.2 | − 10.0 |
Medium education | 0.3 | 8.9 | 0.7 | 23.1 | 1.2 | 62.5 |
High education | 0.2 | 3.8 | 0.3 | 11.0 | 0.5 | 26.5 |
P effect (structure) | 0.7 | 19.6 | 1.1 | 39.5 | 0.4 | 21.0 |
Both sexes | ||||||
Total difference in e30 | 4.4 | 100.0 | 3.6 | 100.0 | 2.8 | 100.0 |
M effect (mortality) | 3.5 | 80.1 | 2.7 | 75.6 | 2.3 | 80.9 |
Low education | 2.7 | 61.5 | 1.2 | 33.4 | 0.0 | 1.3 |
Medium education | 0.6 | 13.5 | 1.0 | 27.1 | 1.5 | 51.5 |
High education | 0.2 | 5.1 | 0.5 | 15.1 | 0.8 | 28.1 |
P effect (structure) | 0.9 | 19.9 | 0.9 | 24.4 | 0.5 | 19.1 |