Journal of Population Sciences
From: The elasticity of marital fertility in three sub-Saharan African countries: a decomposition analysis
 | Kenya | Rwanda | ||||||||||||||||
 Years  ASMFR means | 1989–1993 0.254–0.218 | 1993–1998 0.218–0.194 | 1998–2003 0.194–0.209 | 2003–2008 0.209–0.193 | 2008–2014 0.193–0.165 | 1992–2000 0.264–0.271 | 2000–2005 0.271–0.286 | 2005–2010 0.286–0.208 | 2008–2014/15 0.208–0.185 | |||||||||
 | E | C | E | C | E | C | E | C | E | C | E | C | E | C | E | C | E | C |
 Proximate | ||||||||||||||||||
  Contraception | ||||||||||||||||||
   None | 0.4 | − 7.0 | 0.3 | 4.3 | 0.0 | − 4.7 | 0.6 | − 5.1 | 0.2 | 1.4 | − 0.2 | − 5.7 | 0.2 | − 2.7 | 0.2 | − 0.8 | 0.1 | − 1.1 |
   Modern | − 0.5 | − 1.7 | 0.0 | 2.3 | 0.0 | − 1.0 | 0.0 | − 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.6 | − 2.5 | 1.5 | 0.4 | − 1.1 | − 0.5 | 0.0 | − 0.1 | 0.2 |
   Traditional | − 0.5 | 0.9 | 0.1 | − 1.1 | 0.0 | 0.9 | − 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.0 | − 0.2 | 0.3 | − 1.6 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | − 0.1 | 0.1 |
  PI | ||||||||||||||||||
   No | 0.3 | − 0.1 | 0.2 | − 0.8 | 0.4 | − 1.4 | 0.1 | − 5.5 | 0.1 | 2.5 | − 0.7 | − 6.3 | 0.1 | 2.5 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.2 | − 0.2 |
   Yes | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 2.8 | 0.1 | − 1.1 | − 0.7 | 8.8 | 0.1 | − 3.8 | 0.1 | − 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
  Abortion | ||||||||||||||||||
   No |  |  |  |  | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.0 | 0.0 | − 2.3 |  |  | 0.0 | 4.8 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 1.1 |
   Yes |  |  |  |  | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | − 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.3 |  |  | 0.0 | − 1.3 | 0.0 | − 0.1 | 0.0 | − 0.3 |
 Female | ||||||||||||||||||
  Education | ||||||||||||||||||
   None | − 0.6 | 1.3 | − 0.6 | − 0.8 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 0.9 | − 2.1 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | − 0.6 | − 0.7 | 6.8 | − 0.1 | 0.6 | − 0.1 | − 0.4 |
   Primary | 0.0 | − 0.5 | 0.1 | 3.0 | 0.2 | 14.0 | 0.0 | 9.3 | − 0.1 | − 0.6 | − 0.2 | − 13.5 | 1.3 | 12.3 | 0.0 | 2.3 | 0.0 | 0.3 |
   Secondary | − 0.2 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 3.5 | − 0.5 | 4.4 | 0.0 | 2.7 | 0.0 | − 0.3 | 1.6 | 3.0 | 0.0 | − 2.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | − 0.1 | − 0.1 |
   Tertiary | 0.0 | 0.0 | − 0.4 | − 0.3 | − 0.7 | − 3.0 | 0.2 | − 0.5 | − 0.1 | − 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | − 0.1 | − 0.1 | 0.0 | − 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 |
   Community-level education | 0.7 | 2.8 | − 0.2 | − 0.3 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 2.5 | 11.2 | 0.5 | − 6.1 | 1.0 | 17.1 | 0.2 | − 0.3 | − 0.4 | 0.9 | − 0.1 | 4.1 |
  Occupation | ||||||||||||||||||
   Not employed | 0.5 | − 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.6 | − 0.1 | − 1.4 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 0.3 | − 1.4 | 6.5 | − 0.8 | 0.6 | 37.8 | 0.1 | − 0.1 | − 0.2 | 0.6 |
   Skilled | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 1.0 | − 0.8 | − 1.0 | − 0.8 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 4.1 | 0.2 | − 2.4 | 0.0 | − 0.2 | 0.0 | − 0.1 |
   Semiskilled |  |  | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.0 | − 0.7 | 1.4 | − 1.5 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 4.1 | 7.2 | − 0.1 | − 2.9 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 |
   Agriculture |  |  | 0.4 | 2.1 | 0.1 | 3.6 | − 0.8 | 2.7 | 0.0 | − 1.2 | − 2.1 | 75.3 | − 1.0 | − 38.0 | 0.0 | 0.6 | − 0.1 | 6.1 |
   Unskilled |  |  | 0.0 | − 0.5 | 0.0 | − 1.3 | − 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.0 | − 1.1 | 0.0 | − 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | − 0.4 |
 Male | ||||||||||||||||||
  Education | ||||||||||||||||||
   None | 0.1 | − 0.3 | − 0.3 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.4 | − 1.3 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | − 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.3 | − 0.1 | 0.0 | − 0.2 | 0.8 |
   Primary | 0.0 | 0.1 | − 0.1 | − 1.0 | 0.1 | 4.7 | 0.0 | − 0.5 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 1.2 | − 6.4 | − 0.4 | 5.3 | − 0.1 | − 1.9 | 0.1 | 6.9 |
   Secondary | 0.0 | − 1.4 | − 0.2 | − 1.7 | 0.0 | − 2.1 | − 0.2 | − 2.1 | 0.0 | 1.0 | − 1.2 | − 2.6 | − 0.1 | 1.1 | 0.0 | − 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
   Tertiary | 0.0 | 0.1 | − 0.2 | − 0.3 | 0.0 | − 1.2 | 0.2 | 2.5 | 0.0 | − 1.8 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.0 | − 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.1 | − 0.2 | − 0.5 |
   Community-level education | − 0.2 | 2.4 | 0.7 | 10.1 | − 0.1 | 7.6 | − 1.0 | − 9.6 | − 0.2 | 2.9 | − 3.1 | − 16.5 | − 0.4 | 0.9 | 0.0 | − 1.2 | 0.0 | 3.3 |
  Occupation | ||||||||||||||||||
   Not employed | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.0 | − 0.3 | 0.2 | − 0.1 | 0.1 | − 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.2 | − 0.1 | − 0.1 | − 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.1 |
   Skilled | − 0.1 | − 2.7 | − 0.1 | 1.6 | − 0.3 | 1.2 | 0.7 | 2.8 | 0.2 | − 1.0 | − 0.6 | − 5.2 | 0.0 | − 4.0 | 0.0 | − 1.2 | − 0.1 | 0.0 |
   Semiskilled | 0.2 | − 0.8 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 1.1 | − 1.7 | 1.5 | 0.0 | − 0.4 | − 0.1 | 2.7 | − 0.2 | − 2.8 | 0.0 | − 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
   Agriculture | 0.1 | − 1.6 | − 0.1 | 3.1 | 0.0 | 3.0 | − 0.1 | 1.0 | − 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.3 | − 36.3 | 0.9 | − 3.8 | − 0.2 | − 1.2 | 0.0 | − 6.2 |
   Unskilled | 0.2 | − 0.3 | − 0.2 | − 1.9 | − 0.2 | − 1.8 | − 0.6 | 1.2 | 0.1 | − 2.0 | − 0.5 | 0.4 | − 0.9 | − 1.6 | 0.0 | − 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.1 |
  HDC | ||||||||||||||||||
   Same |  |  | 0.0 | 0.1 | − 0.1 | 2.6 | − 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 1.8 | 0.0 | − 1.2 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | − 1.8 |
   More |  |  | − 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 2.3 | − 0.1 | 2.7 | 0.0 | − 0.6 | 0.2 | 6.0 | − 0.2 | − 1.6 | − 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
   Less |  |  | − 0.1 | − 0.1 | − 0.1 | − 1.1 | 0.1 | − 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 1.0 | − 3.2 | − 0.3 | 1.3 | 0.0 | − 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.6 |
 Demographic | ||||||||||||||||||
  Age group | ||||||||||||||||||
   15–19 | 0.3 | 1.7 | − 1.2 | − 8.4 | 5.0 | − 8.6 | 14.3 | 0.5 | 3.2 | − 2.3 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.9 | − 1.9 | − 0.1 | − 1.1 | 0.2 | 0.6 |
   20–24 | − 9.3 | 16.7 | 3.9 | − 8.1 | 0.9 | 11.6 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 10.1 | 14.1 | 21.1 | 29.2 | − 0.9 | 25.5 | 5.0 | 2.0 | 8.1 | 3.4 |
   25–29 | 3.4 | 10.0 | − 1.5 | 4.1 | − 3.3 | 21.8 | − 2.7 | 5.8 | − 5.7 | 14.2 | 6.6 | − 21.9 | 6.2 | 31.7 | − 2.7 | 13.0 | 10.6 | − 8.2 |
   30–34 | − 1.1 | 10.8 | 3.8 | − 10.4 | 1.9 | 3.2 | − 2.3 | 18.4 | − 0.1 | 3.8 | − 33.7 | 11.4 | 10.8 | 7.3 | − 0.4 | 9.7 | − 5.3 | − 2.6 |
   35–39 | − 1.5 | − 3.1 | 8.7 | 26.2 | 10.3 | 11.8 | 0.1 | − 8.6 | 2.3 | 1.8 | − 0.2 | − 7.5 | − 2.5 | 21.3 | 0.4 | 8.5 | 1.3 | − 3.9 |
   40–44 | − 2.3 | − 1.6 | − 3.1 | − 0.4 | − 14.2 | − 4.5 | − 9.5 | − 5.6 | − 2.4 | − 2.8 | − 4.6 | 9.8 | 0.7 | − 24.9 | − 2.1 | − 2.1 | 6.3 | 7.0 |
   45–49 | − 0.8 | − 13.3 | − 0.7 | 5.9 | − 6.0 | − 7.7 | 15.9 | − 2.9 | − 3.1 | − 6.9 | − 9.6 | − 14.8 | − 21.6 | − 11.4 | 0.3 | − 6.1 | − 9.2 | − 5.0 |
   IMR | 0.0 | 1.8 | − 1.6 | 6.3 | − 1.2 | − 43.6 | 12.5 | − 47.4 | 1.9 | 4.8 | 21.5 | 167.2 | − 12.4 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 4.4 | − 32.7 | 62.1 |
   CMR | 0.6 | 9.9 | 1.4 | − 20.6 | 0.1 | 21.7 | − 8.7 | 22.2 | − 2.7 | 0.6 | 4.9 | − 142.0 | 12.9 | − 54.3 | 3.7 | − 7.6 | 16.8 | − 25.0 |
 Socioeconomic | ||||||||||||||||||
  SES | ||||||||||||||||||
   Poorest |  |  | 0.0 | − 0.4 | 0.1 | − 1.1 | 0.1 | − 1.3 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 3.8 | 2.6 | 1.6 | − 5.1 | 0.0 | − 0.5 | 0.0 | − 0.2 |
   Poorer |  |  | 0.1 | 1.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | − 0.1 | 2.8 | 0.0 | − 1.2 | − 1.0 | 1.8 | − 0.2 | − 2.0 | 0.0 | − 0.2 | − 0.1 | − 1.0 |
   Middle |  |  | 0.0 | − 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 0.0 | − 1.0 | 0.0 | − 5.6 | 0.0 | 2.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 |
   Richer |  |  | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 1.1 | 0.0 | − 1.0 | − 0.4 | 4.0 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.8 |
   Richest |  |  | 0.0 | − 0.8 | 0.0 | 1.1 | − 0.3 | − 4.3 | 0.0 | 3.9 | 1.0 | − 2.9 | 0.1 | 3.8 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
  Religion | ||||||||||||||||||
   Catholic | 0.0 | − 1.2 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.0 | − 0.9 | 0.0 | − 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.4 |  |  |  |  | 0.1 | − 1.7 | − 0.1 | 2.9 |
   Protestant |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | − 0.1 | − 1.1 | 0.3 | 5.5 |
   Pentecostal |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.0 | − 0.2 | − 0.1 | 1.4 |
   Muslim | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | − 0.1 |  |  |  |  | 0.0 | − 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 |
   Other Christian | 0.1 | 2.1 | − 0.2 | − 7.3 | 0.2 | 1.8 | 0.0 | 5.9 | 0.1 | 2.7 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   Other religions | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | − 0.1 | − 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 |  |  |  |  | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | − 0.2 |
   None | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | − 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | − 0.2 |  |  |  |  | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | − 0.1 |
  Place of residence |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   Rural | 0.0 | 1.3 | − 0.1 | 1.3 | 0.1 | − 2.0 | 0.1 | − 7.3 | − 0.3 | 2.9 | − 0.5 | 26.8 | 0.1 | − 9.6 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | − 0.3 |
   Urban | 0.0 | − 0.2 | − 0.1 | − 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 2.2 | − 0.3 | − 1.9 | − 0.5 | − 3.1 | 0.1 | 1.4 | 0.0 | − 1.0 | 0.0 | 1.2 |
   Constant |  | 86.9 |  | 82.3 |  | 60.1 |  | 91.5 |  | 65.7 |  | − 17.3 |  | 182.2 |  | 88.7 |  | 33.2 |
 Total (minus_cons) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 | Zimbabwe |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |||||||||
 Years  ASMFR means | 1988–1994 0.209–0.177 | 1994–1999 0.177–0.155 | 1999–2005/2006 0.155–0.151 | 2005/2006–2010/2011 0.151–0.161 | 2010/2011–2015 0.161–170 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |||||
 | E | C | E | C | E | C | E | C | E | C |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Proximate | ||||||||||||||||||
  Contraception | ||||||||||||||||||
   None | 0.1 | − 0.3 | 0.0 | 2.6 | − 0.7 | 9.3 | 0.1 | 11.2 | 4.0 | − 14.1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   Modern | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.7 | − 0.5 | − 9.6 | 0.0 | 5.6 | − 2.2 | − 20.0 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   Traditional | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | − 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | − 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.7 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  PI | ||||||||||||||||||
   No | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.1 | − 4.0 | 0.1 | 9.8 | 0.4 | − 7.8 | − 0.1 | 9.8 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   Yes | 0.2 | − 0.3 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 0.1 | − 3.3 | 0.4 | 2.8 | − 0.1 | − 3.4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Abortion | ||||||||||||||||||
   No |  |  | 0.0 | 4.4 | 0.6 | 27.4 | 0.1 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 7.5 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   Yes |  |  | 0.0 | − 0.7 | 0.6 | − 3.8 | 0.1 | − 0.3 | 0.0 | − 1.5 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Female | ||||||||||||||||||
  Education | ||||||||||||||||||
   None | − 0.1 | 1.3 | 0.0 | − 0.1 | − 2.6 | 4.1 | 1.0 | − 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.6 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   Primary | 0.3 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 1.3 | 2.3 | − 5.4 | 0.5 | − 7.2 | 0.2 | 0.9 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   Secondary | − 0.4 | 4.0 | − 0.5 | − 0.1 | − 10.3 | − 32.6 | 0.8 | − 17.2 | 0.1 | − 3.2 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   Tertiary | 0.1 | − 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 2.2 | 0.0 | − 2.3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   Community-level education | 2.6 | 3.8 | − 1.2 | − 23.5 | 11.5 | 102.5 | − 1.9 | 18.3 | 1.3 | 51.6 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Occupation | ||||||||||||||||||
   Not employed |  |  | 0.0 | − 0.9 | 0.5 | − 3.8 | 0.1 | 7.2 | − 0.8 | − 0.5 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   Skilled |  |  | 0.0 | 0.3 | − 0.8 | 1.9 | 0.6 | − 0.3 | − 0.5 | 0.4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   Semiskilled |  |  | − 0.4 | − 1.3 | 1.6 | − 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 2.0 | 0.6 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   Agriculture |  |  | 0.2 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 4.6 | 0.0 | − 0.7 | 0.4 | 2.2 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   Unskilled |  |  | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.7 | − 1.4 | − 1.0 | − 0.5 | 3.3 | − 0.5 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Male | ||||||||||||||||||
  Education | ||||||||||||||||||
   None | − 0.4 | 0.0 | − 0.2 | − 0.2 | − 0.1 | − 1.8 | 0.3 | − 0.3 | 0.2 | − 0.1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   Primary | − 0.2 | 0.2 | − 0.7 | 0.3 | − 1.8 | − 1.9 | 0.1 | 1.7 | 0.0 | − 1.3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   Secondary | − 0.5 | − 1.4 | − 1.0 | 1.4 | − 1.1 | 18.5 | 1.8 | 10.8 | − 0.4 | − 3.5 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   Tertiary | − 0.1 | 0.2 | − 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 0.0 | − 0.8 | 0.4 | 1.8 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   Community-level education | 1.1 | 9.2 | 5.7 | 13.2 | − 2.9 | − 155.6 | 1.3 | 0.7 | − 0.2 | − 38.4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Occupation | ||||||||||||||||||
   Not employed | 0.0 | − 0.1 | − 0.1 | 0.8 | − 0.2 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.0 | − 0.7 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   Skilled | − 0.2 | − 1.8 | − 0.1 | 2.8 | 0.1 | − 7.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 3.9 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   Semiskilled | 0.0 | 1.6 | − 0.2 | − 3.3 | 0.6 | 4.7 | − 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.1 | − 1.9 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   Agriculture | 0.0 | 0.2 | − 0.7 | 1.3 | 2.1 | − 8.8 | 1.1 | − 0.6 | 1.0 | − 1.9 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   Unskilled | − 0.1 | 0.7 | 0.3 | − 1.4 | 0.4 | 2.1 | 0.4 | − 0.5 | − 3.0 | 0.6 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  HDC | ||||||||||||||||||
   Same |  |  | 0.0 | 1.2 | 0.4 | − 3.0 | 0.0 | 1.8 | 0.3 | − 2.1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   More |  |  | 0.4 | 1.2 | 0.1 | − 4.4 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.0 | − 0.9 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   Less |  |  | 0.7 | − 0.9 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 0.0 | − 0.5 | 0.8 | 1.2 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Demographic | ||||||||||||||||||
  Age group | ||||||||||||||||||
   15–19 | − 1.9 | 0.1 | − 2.1 | − 13.8 | 5.0 | 21.2 | − 4.1 | 3.8 | − 1.4 | − 4.2 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   20–24 | − 5.0 | 3.1 | − 1.3 | 13.1 | 3.1 | − 87.2 | − 17.1 | − 6.7 | − 31.4 | − 4.0 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   25–29 | 2.5 | 10.2 | − 5.7 | 13.6 | 13.8 | 6.6 | 8.2 | 35.5 | − 10.7 | 37.5 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   30–34 | 0.0 | 3.0 | − 0.7 | 20.0 | − 6.5 | − 54.3 | − 0.4 | − 0.5 | 4.7 | 6.1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   35–39 | − 1.0 | − 0.1 | 1.1 | 5.9 | − 23.1 | 39.1 | − 7.2 | 17.4 | − 5.4 | 1.7 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   40–44 | 2.9 | − 2.8 | − 1.4 | 1.4 | − 3.4 | − 12.6 | 6.2 | − 19.7 | − 16.7 | 0.9 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   45–49 | − 3.3 | − 4.7 | 1.1 | − 10.9 | 21.6 | 16.9 | 3.8 | − 9.2 | 39.7 | − 8.9 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   IMR | 0.0 | − 7.2 | − 6.2 | − 40.2 | − 9.5 | 253.3 | − 2.6 | 107.1 | − 3.3 | − 25.1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   CMR | 0.1 | 3.6 | 7.1 | 35.7 | 16.9 | − 181.9 | − 1.3 | − 91.2 | − 0.5 | 48.5 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Socioeconomic | ||||||||||||||||||
  SES | ||||||||||||||||||
   Poorest |  |  | − 0.1 | − 0.3 | − 0.2 | − 11.2 | − 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 | − 3.2 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   Poorer |  |  | 0.0 | 0.6 | − 0.1 | − 4.2 | 0.0 | − 3.8 | − 0.1 | − 0.3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   Middle |  |  | 0.0 | − 0.9 | − 0.1 | 7.1 | 0.1 | 3.6 | − 0.2 | 0.8 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   Richer |  |  | 0.0 | − 0.3 | 0.0 | 5.0 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 0.6 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   Richest |  |  | 0.0 | 0.9 | − 0.2 | 4.0 | 0.1 | − 0.8 | 0.0 | 2.3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Religion |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   Catholic | − 0.3 | 2.2 | − 0.6 | − 5.4 | 3.2 | − 147.1 | − 0.1 | 0.6 | − 0.1 | 0.1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   Protestant |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.4 | − 2.0 | 0.3 | − 1.2 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   Pentecostal |  |  |  |  |  |  | − 0.2 | − 4.7 | − 0.5 | − 1.7 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   Apostolic |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.8 | 4.2 | − 0.1 | − 4.2 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   Muslim |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   Other Christian |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.1 | − 1.2 | 0.0 | − 0.3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   Other religion | − 0.1 | − 0.3 | − 1.5 | 0.5 | − 0.4 | − 3.0 | 0.4 | 0.2 | − 0.1 | 0.6 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   None | 0.0 | − 0.1 | − 0.1 | 0.0 | − 1.1 | 23.7 | − 0.2 | 1.1 | 0.2 | − 1.4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Place of residence | ||||||||||||||||||
   Rural | 0.0 | 4.1 | 0.0 | − 3.7 | 0.2 | 6.1 | 0.0 | 5.3 | 0.0 | 3.6 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   Urban | 0.0 | − 1.8 | 0.0 | 2.1 | 0.2 | − 3.2 | 0.0 | − 2.7 | 0.0 | − 1.8 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   Constant |  | 77.8 |  | 86.2 |  | 274.1 |  | 42.9 |  | 86.6 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |