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Journal of Population Sciences

Table 11 Estimations of a series of linear multilevel models regressing the number of children of 35–39 years old women on various individual and contextual characteristics

From: Childlessness and low fertility in context: evidence from a multilevel analysis on 20 European countries

  

N0

N2a

N2b

N2c

N2d

N2e

N3a

N3b

N3c

N3d

N4a

N4b

N4c

Education

             

 Low

0.189***

0.189***

0.188***

0.189***

0.188***

0.188***

0.190***

0.250***

− 0.589***

0.083***

0.188***

0.188***

0.188***

 

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.004)

(0.082)

(0.019)

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.003)

 High

− 0.047***

− 0.047***

− 0.047***

− 0.047***

− 0.047***

− 0.047***

− 0.053***

− 0.080***

0.908***

− 0.204***

− 0.047***

− 0.047***

− 0.047***

 

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.004)

(0.075)

(0.019)

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.003)

Working position

             

 Unemployed

− 0.231***

− 0.231***

− 0.231***

− 0.231***

− 0.231***

− 0.231***

− 0.140***

− 0.232***

− 0.231***

− 0.231***

− 0.231***

− 0.231***

− 0.231***

 

(0.005)

(0.005)

(0.005)

(0.005)

(0.005)

(0.005)

(0.008)

(0.005)

(0.005)

(0.005)

(0.005)

(0.005)

(0.005)

 HS white collar

− 0.371***

− 0.371***

− 0.371***

− 0.371***

− 0.371***

− 0.371***

− 0.216***

− 0.368***

− 0.370***

− 0.370***

− 0.371***

− 0.371***

− 0.371***

 

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.005)

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.003)

 LS white collar

− 0.393***

− 0.393***

− 0.393***

− 0.393***

− 0.393***

− 0.393***

− 0.265***

− 0.390***

− 0.393***

− 0.393***

− 0.393***

− 0.393***

− 0.393***

 

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.005)

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.003)

 HS blue collar

− 0.199***

− 0.199***

− 0.199***

− 0.199***

− 0.198***

− 0.198***

− 0.022*

− 0.205***

− 0.204***

− 0.200***

− 0.199***

− 0.198***

− 0.199***

 

(0.005)

(0.005)

(0.005)

(0.005)

(0.005)

(0.005)

(0.009)

(0.005)

(0.005)

(0.005)

(0.005)

(0.005)

(0.005)

 LS blue collar

− 0.298***

− 0.298***

− 0.298***

− 0.298***

− 0.298***

− 0.298***

− 0.182***

− 0.298***

− 0.297***

− 0.298***

− 0.298***

− 0.298***

− 0.298***

 

(0.004)

(0.004)

(0.004)

(0.004)

(0.004)

(0.004)

(0.007)

(0.004)

(0.004)

(0.004)

(0.004)

(0.004)

(0.004)

Marital status

             

 Previously married

− 0.185***

− 0.185***

− 0.185***

− 0.185***

− 0.185***

− 0.185***

− 0.185***

− 0.183***

− 0.185***

− 0.185***

− 0.185***

− 0.185***

− 0.185***

 

(0.004)

(0.004)

(0.004)

(0.004)

(0.004)

(0.004)

(0.004)

(0.004)

(0.004)

(0.004)

(0.004)

(0.004)

(0.004)

 Single

− 0.427***

− 0.427***

− 0.428***

− 0.427***

− 0.428***

− 0.428***

− 0.432***

− 0.428***

− 0.428***

− 0.428***

− 0.428***

− 0.428***

− 0.428***

 

(0.004)

(0.004)

(0.004)

(0.004)

(0.004)

(0.004)

(0.004)

(0.004)

(0.004)

(0.004)

(0.004)

(0.004)

(0.004)

Duration of parental leaves

0.001

   

0.005+

0.014***

   

− 0.02

  
  

(0.003)

   

(0.003)

(0.003)

   

(0.019)

  

 x Unemployed

      

− 0.011***

     
       

(0.001)

      

 X LS blue-collar

      

− 0.014***

     
       

(0.001)

      

 X LS white-collar

      

− 0.015***

     
       

(0.000)

      

 X HS blue-collar

      

− 0.021***

     
       

(0.001)

      

 X HS white-collar

      

− 0.018***

     
       

(0.000)

      

Voluntary part-time

  

0.003**

  

0.003*

 

0.003**

   

0.000

 
   

(0.001)

  

(0.001)

 

(0.001)

   

(0.006)

 

 x Low education

       

− 0.003***

    
        

(0.000)

     

 x High education

       

0.002***

     
        

(0.000)

     

Men working hours

   

-0.010

 

0.018

  

− 0.007

   

0.221**

    

(0.012)

 

(0.012)

  

(0.012)

   

(0.072)

 x Low education

        

0.019***

    
         

(0.002)

    

 x High education

        

− 0.023***

   
         

(0.002)

    

Gender egalitarian norms

    

0.009***

0.008***

   

0.008***

0.006+

0.008***

0.140**

     

(0.002)

(0.002)

   

(0.002)

(0.003)

(0.002)

(0.044)

 x Low education

         

0.002***

   
          

(0.000)

   

 x High education

         

0.002***

   
          

(0.000)

   

Macro level interaction

             

 Leaves x gender egalitarian norms

        

0.000

  
           

(0.000)

  

 Voluntary part-time x gender egalitarian norms

        

0.000

 
            

(0.000)

 

 Men working hours x gender egalitarian norms

         

− 0.003**

             

(0.001)

Constant

2.298***

2.285***

2.241***

2.717***

1.694***

0.899

2.180***

2.237***

2.598***

1.752***

1.883***

1.751***

− 7.611*

var(cy)

0.039

0.039***

0.036***

0.039***

0.032***

0.030***

0.039***

0.037***

0.039***

0.031***

0.031***

0.031***

0.029***

var(Residual)

0.676

0.676***

0.676***

0.676***

0.676***

0.676***

0.674***

0.675***

0.676***

0.676***

0.676***

0.676***

0.676***

ICC

0.055

0.055

0.051

0.054

0.045

0.043

0.055

0.052

0.054

0.044

0.044

0.044

0.041

  1. Source: own elaboration based on EU-LFS 2005-2010. N of women 578,377; N of country-year combinations 120. Beta coefficient. Weighted estimations. Sign. levels: *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001. Note: var(cy) indicates the variance of the random effect at the second level (country-year). ICC is the intra Class Correlation. Baseline categories: Middle education, inactive, married women