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Journal of Population Sciences

Table 1 Criteria of causal inference

From: Causal assessment in demographic research

Ní Bhrolcháin and Dyson (2007)

Time order

Rothman and Greenland (1998)

Strength

 

Contiguity

 

Consistency

 

Duration

 

Specificity

 

Distinctiveness

 

Temporality

 

Direction

 

Biologic gradient

 

Proportionality

 

Plausibility

 

Recurrence

 

Coherence

 

No cause, no effect

 

Experimental evidence

 

Mechanism

 

Analogy

 

No alternative