Table 3 Profiles of PhD students by family background characteristics. Absolute values and raw percentage values

387

(76.0)

90

(17.7)

32

(6.3)

509

(1.8)

 Parental education:

Primary

 Mother’s economic activity:

Homemaker

 Father’s social class:

Working class (skilled/unskilled worker)

238

(71.3)

70

(21.0)

26

(7.8)

334

(1.2)

 Parental education:

Lower secondary

 Mother’s economic activity:

Homemaker

 Father’s social class:

Routine non-manuals

1639

(64.1)

712

(27.9)

205

(8.0)

2556

(9.0)

 Parental education:

Upper secondary

 Mother’s economic activity:

Employed/self-employed

 Father’s social class:

Lower-grade professionals

1706

(62.9)

715

(26.4)

291

(10.7)

2712

(9.5)

 Parental education:

Tertiary/post-tertiary

 Mother’s economic activity:

Employed/self-employed

 Father’s social class:

Higher-grade professionals