Journal of Population Sciences
Sub-region/country | Handwashing | Presence of older persons | Wealth indexa | Educationb: Household head | Residence | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average | Rich | Primary | Secondary+ | Urban vs. rural | |||
Western Africa | |||||||
Benin | 1.31 (1.17–1.47) | 2.01 (1.84–2.19) | 1.20 (1.09–1.32) | 1.49 (1.31–1.69) | 0.96 (0.87–1.05) | 1.41 (1.28–1.56) | 1.00 (0.90–1.11) |
Guinea | 1.07 (0.95–1.21) | 1.59 (1.44–1.77) | 1.55 (1.36–1.76) | 1.81 (1.47–2.25) | 1.01 (0.86–1.19) | 1.21 (1.06–1.38) | 0.63 (0.51–0.78) |
Mali | 1.23 (1.09–1.39) | 1.94 (1.75–2.15) | 1.35 (1.20–1.52) | 2.42 (1.99–2.94) | 1.28 (1.12–1.46) | 1.75 (1.53–2.00) | 0.50 (0.38–0.65) |
Nigeria | 1.06 (0.99–1.12) | 2.27 (2.14–2.40) | 1.26 (1.17–1.35) | 1.63 (1.48–1.78) | 0.90 (0.84–0.97) | 1.09 (1.02–1.16) | 0.81 (0.75–0.87) |
Senegal | 1.19 (1.03–1.36) | 1.08 (0.98–1.18) | 1.22 (1.06–1.39) | 1.89 (1.58–2.66) | 0.99 (0.87–1.13) | 1.66 (1.43–1.92) | 0.97 (0.84–1.12) |
Middle Africa | |||||||
Angola | 1.40 (1.29–1.52) | 2.29 (2.09–2.50) | 1.10 (0.99–1.23) | 1.23 (1.05–1.44) | 0.89 (0.81–0.97) | 1.07 (0.97–1.19) | 0.90 (0.80–1.01) |
Chad | 1.26 (1.07–1.48) | 2.24 (2.06–2.44) | 0.88 (0.80–0.96) | 1.06 (0.95–1.19) | 0.98 (0.88–1.08) | 1.43 (1.28–1.60) | 0.88 (0.77–1.00) |
Eastern Africa | |||||||
Burundi | 1.13 (0.98–1.29) | 3.81 (3.45–4.22) | 1.21 (1.11–1.32) | 1.49 (1.33–1.68) | 0.84 (0.78–0.91) | 1.53 (1.35–1.73) | 1.00 (0.88–1.14) |
Ethiopia | 1.21 (1.08–1.35) | 1.87 (1.71–2.033) | 1.13 (1.01–1.26) | 1.88 (1.62–2.19) | 1.16 (1.06–1.27) | 2.29 (2.04–2.57) | 1.44 (1.24–1.68) |
Tanzania | 0.97 (0.89–1.05) | 2.00 (1.82–2.21) | 1.89 (1.70–2.10) | 2.77 (2.39–3.20) | 1.00 (0.89–1.11) | 1.63 (1.40–1.89) | 0.96 (0.85–1.10) |
Uganda | 1.11 (1.03–1.20) | 2.30 (2.11–2.51) | 1.47 (1.34–1.60) | 2.06 (1.85–2.29) | 0.94 (0.86–1.03) | 1.29 (1.16–1.43) | 1.07 (0.96–1.18) |
Rwanda | 1.47 (1.23–1.74) | 2.87 (2.55–3.23) | 1.24 (1.13–1.37) | 1.60 (1.41–1.82) | 1.01 (0.91–1.11) | 2.19 (1.87–2.56) | 1.12 (0.98–1.28) |
Southern Africa | |||||||
Malawi | 1.22 (1.13–1.33) | 2.22 (2.07–2.38) | 1.52 (1.42–1.62) | 2.14 (1.97–2.34) | 1.04 (0.96–1.12) | 1.35 (1.23–1.49) | 1.20 (1.10–1.32) |
South Africa | 1.31 (1.17–1.47) | 1.21 (1.07–1.37) | 1.47 (1.28–1.67) | 2.89 (2.42–3.44) | 1.09 (0.94–1.27) | 1.62 (1.40–1.88) | 0.72 (0.62–0.84) |
Zambia | 1.15 (1.04–1.27) | 2.25 (2.04–2.48) | 1.52 (1.37–1.69) | 2.37 (2.02–2.79) | 1.00 (0.88–1.13) | 1.35 (1.18–1.54) | 0.95 (0.84–1.07) |
Zimbabwe | 1.39 (1.27–1.52) | 1.69 (1.50–1.90) | 2.45 (2.17–2.76) | 4.64 (3.80–5.67) | 1.01 (0.85–1.20) | 0.95 (0.79–1.13) | 0.60 (0.50–0.72) |