Fig. 1

Estimation errors in life expectancy at birth obtained by methods: the classical method (“Clas.”), extrapolation based on 20-years-long age base (“Extr.”), Horiuchi-Coale method (“H.-C.”), and Mitra method (“M.”). The main diagonal (plots a–d): boxplots, as a function of life expectancy at birth, of estimation errors in each of the methods; above the diagonal (plots e–j): scatterplots of errors in pairs of methods as indicated at axes of the plots; below the diagonal (plots k–p): boxplots, as a function of life expectancy at birth, of percentage differences of absolute errors (5) of pairs of methods as indicated at vertical axes. Female populations, open age interval set at 75+