Fig. 3

Boxplots of estimation errors in life expectancy at birth obtained by the combination (7) of the classical and Mitra methods (the combined method, “Comb.”) at selected starting ages a of the open age interval (plots in the first column). Plots in the last four columns: boxplots, as a function of life expectancy at birth, of percentage differences of absolute errors (5) of the combined method and single methods as indicated at the vertical axes. Female populations. Methods covered: the classical method (“Clas.”), extrapolation method based on 20-years-long age base (“Extr.”), Horiuchi-Coale method (“H.-C.”), and Mitra method (“M”)