Immigrants and Italian labor market: statistical or taste-based discrimination?

Genus

Journal of Population Sciences

Table 4 Aggregate correspondence test results (second-generation vs Italian applicants) by education level and contacts with customers

	Jobs	No one invited	At least one invited	Equal treatment	Discrimination against		Net discrimination		Relative callback rate	χ ² test
			1	2	Second-generation 3	Italians 4	3 − 4	\( \frac{3-4}{1} \)	\( \frac{\left[\left(2+3\right)/1\right]\ }{\left[\left(2+4\right)/1\right]} \)
Nationality	No.	No.	No.	No.	No.	No.	No.	%		p
Callback: graduate
Albanian	110	40	70	36	29	5	24	34.29	1.59	***
Chinese	110	40	70	29	36	5	31	44.29	1.91	***
German	110	38	72	48	17	7	10	13.89	1.18	***
Moroccan	110	41	69	28	37	4	33	47.83	2.03	***
Romanian	110	42	68	38	27	3	24	35.29	1.59	***
Callback: high school
Albanian	196	83	113	58	44	11	33	29.2	1.48	***
Chinese	196	80	116	49	53	14	39	33.62	1.62	***
German	196	83	113	69	33	11	22	19.47	1.28	***
Moroccan	196	81	115	46	56	13	43	37.39	1.73	***
Romanian	196	83	113	55	47	11	36	31.86	1.55	***
Callback: front office
Albanian	200	83	117	54	52	11	41	35.04	1.63	***
Chinese	200	81	119	37	69	13	56	47.06	2.12	***
German	200	79	121	64	42	15	27	22.31	1.34	***
Moroccan	200	82	118	41	65	12	53	44.92	2.00	***
Romanian	200	84	116	53	53	10	43	37.07	1.68	***

The first column provides the ethnic origin of the applicant, the second one shows the number of applications sent, the third one shows the cases in which no individuals were invited for an interview, column four shows the cases in which at least one applicant was invited, column five shows the cases in which both were invited, column six shows the cases in which only the Italian candidates were invited, and the seventh one shows the cases in which only the second-generation candidates were invited. In the following two columns, we calculated the net discrimination against second-generation immigrants, and, finally, in the last columns, we reported the p value related to the chi-squared test. Chi-squared tests were conducted on the callback rates, and the results are indicated as *** significant at the 0.001 level. A positive sign indicates discrimination against the minority applicant (second-generation candidates). The null hypothesis is that discrimination against the second generation is equal to discrimination against Italians, therefore both individuals are treated unfavorably equally often
Net discrimination = (discrimination against second-generation—discrimination against Italians)/(at least one invited); Relative callback rate = success of majority/success of minority = [(2 + 3)/1]/[(2 + 4)/1]