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Genus

Journal of Population Sciences

Table 4 Bivariate probit model for the probability of being not NEET and looking for a job

From: The determinants of Italian NEETs and the effects of the economic crisis

Actively searching for a job

All

Area of residence

Field of study

Parents’ educational level

Gender

South

North

Soft

Hard

No high

High

Women

Men

2015

 

 Male

.074***

.085***

.075***

.100***

− .023

.067***

.175***

–

–

 Age

.022***

.036***

.009***

.030***

− .040***

.034***

.057***

.021***

.021***

 Medium ed.

− .034*

− .157***

.153***

.120***

− .033***

− .022**

.308***

.151***

− .130***

 High ed.

− .229***

−.328***

.100

.151***

–

− .305***

.277***

.099

− .401***

 Father’s high ed.

− .193***

− .216***

− .210***

− .256***

− .190***

–

–

− .220***

− .176***

 Mother’s high ed.

− .228***

− .354***

− .189***

− .312***

− .076

–

–

− .325***

− .159***

 Civil status

− .317***

− .470***

− .228***

− .336***

− .208***

− .109

.898**

− .322***

− .416***

 Native born

− .242***

.235***

− .359***

− .175***

− .357***

− .281***

− .547***

− .283***

− .204***

 North-Centre

− .313***

–

–

− .274***

− .504***

− .292***

− .122***

− .273***

− .354***

 Field of study

         

  Humanities

.442***

.533***

.218*

–

–

.484***

.583***

.237**

.559***

  Social

.276***

.317***

.147***

–

–

.344***

.467***

.180***

.306***

  Science

.188***

.326***

.007

–

–

.236***

.305***

.189***

.208***

  Agrarian

.071

.222***

− .112

–

–

.120**

.373**

.056

.093

  Health

.306***

.460***

.017

–

–

.485***

.279**

.121

.393***

 Services

.430***

.496***

.326***

–

–

.491***

.696***

.401***

.413***

 Male*civil status

− .113***

.039

− .232***

− .062

− .223***

− .379***

− 1.209**

–

–

 Constant

− 1.392***

− 2.145***

− 1.369***

− 1.676***

.667***

− 1.623***

− 2.814***

− 1.458***

− 1.255***

 Not NEET

         

 Male

− .075***

− .130***

− .101*

− .112***

− .021

− .084***

− .210***

–

–

 Age

− .0009

.010**

− .015***

− .035***

.038***

.012***

− .062***

− .025***

− .001

 Father’s high ed.

.022

.020

.250***

.283***

.217***

–

–

.292***

.024

 Mother’s high ed.

.082

.138*

.256**

.349***

.160***

–

–

.447***

.123

 Civil status

− .491***

− .602***

.063

.237***

.138**

− .361

−  2.720*

− .038

− .387***

 Native born

− .075*

.311**

.353***

.169***

.391***

− .154***

.549***

.258***

− .046

 North-Centre

.007

–

–

.321***

.521***

.056*

.102*

.335***

.028

 Field of study

         

  Humanities

.317***

.393***

− .171

–

–

.377***

− .677***

–(*)

.372***

  Social

.180***

.133***

− .140

–

–

.237***

− .630**

− .105

.158***

  Science

.072*

.161***

− .095**

–

–

.069

− .355**

−.062

.008

  Agrarian

.109

.031

.143

–

–

.219*

− .633**

− .149

.152

  Health

.280***

.320***

.081

–

–

.286***

− .361***

.095

.273*

 Services

.044

− .078

− .427***

–

–

.100*

−  1.210***

− .521***

.026

 Male*staciv

.076

.135

.294***

.112**

.286***

− .345

1.167**

–

–

 Constant

− 2.199***

− 2.771***

1.315**

1.709***

− .536***

− 2.400***

2.836***

.828

−  2.246***

 Rho

.88***

.99***

− .95

− .99***

− .99

.91***

−.97***

− .81

.90***

 Prob > chi2

0.000

0.000

.0000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.1225

0.000

 Censored obs.

94,646

34,644

60,002

88,887

18,030

58,529

11,708

47,516

47,130

 Uncensored obs.

12,271

6062

6209

78,990

15,656,

8792

822

5714

6557

 N

106,917

40,706

66,211

9897

2374

67,321

12,530

53,230

53,687

 AIC

9954

 

5.438

 

1.844

 

737

 

5261

2005

 

 Male

− .012

.023

− .056***

− .018

.082***

.003

− .074

–

–

 Age

.010***

.024***

− .002

.015***

− .018***

.016***

.031***

.012***

.009***

 Medium ed.

− .027

.039

− .078

.122***

− .630***

.056

.501**

−  .007

− .046

 High ed.

.224***

.339***

.145**

.285***

− .326***

.310***

1.012***

.245***

.196***

 Father’s high ed.

− .272***

− .411***

− .161***

− .282***

− .244***

–

–

− .246***

− .285***

 Mother’s high ed.

− .196***

− .312***

− .109**

− .212***

− .163***

–

–

− .183***

− .203***

 Civil status

− .260***

− .405***

− .137***

− .315***

.010

− .093

− .128

− .275***

− .500***

 Native born

− .246***

.128*

− .300***

− .193***

− .493***

− .212***

.087

− .309***

− .152***

 North-Centre

− .483***

–

–

− .464***

− .558***

− .481***

− .214

− .420***

− .552***

 Field of study

         

  Humanities

.062*

− .025

.129**

–

–

.024

− .187

.071

.053

  Social

.130***

.066

.170***

–

–

.116***

− .037

.167***

.067

  Science

− .046

− .104**

− .000

–

–

− .100***

− .275

− .038

− .046

  Agrarian

.201***

.196***

.199**

–

–

.134**

.360

.299***

.152**

  Health

− .095*

− .103

− .108

–

–

− .057

− .429

− .074

− .167

 Services

.318***

.254***

.359***

–

–

.336***

.282

.361***

.254***

 Male*civil status

− .249***

− .102***

− .460***

− .160***

− .664***

− .186

− 4.183***

  

 Constant

− 1.132***

− 1.848***

− 1.227***

− 1.313***

.338***

− 1.321***

− 2.733***

− 1.186***

− 1.135***

 Not NEET

         

male

− .083**

− .023

− .179**

− .032

− .133*

− .083**

− .137

  

 Age

− .029***

− .035***

− .026***

− .025***

− .002

− .032***

− .031

− .029***

− .031***

 Father’s high ed.

.338***

.552***

.140

.295***

.359**

–

–

.343***

.306***

 Mother’s high ed.

.237***

.294***

.210

.266***

.086

–

–

.247**

.215*

 Civil status

− .286**

− .092

− .505***

.141***

− .498***

− .118

5.406***

− .273*

− .029

 Native born

.030

.110

− .019

.155***

− .055

− .074

.648***

.085

− .036

 North-Centre

.339***

–

–

.456***

.010

.365***

− .152

.364***

.296*

 Field of study

         

  Humanities

.570***

.589***

.573***

–

–

.498***

.648***

.466***

.828***

  Social

.355***

.343***

.383***

–

–

.226***

.201

.289**

.443***

  Science

.555***

.528***

.592***

–

–

.410***

.517*

.552***

.589***

  Agrarian

.195

.098

.305

–

–

.114

.558

− .052

.330*

  Health

.500***

.479***

.512**

–

–

.087

− .099

.332**

.922***

 Services

− .004

− .042

.065

–

–

− .078

− .507

− .017

− .027

 Male*staciv

.283*

.018

.637**

.188***

.270

.233

   

 Constant

.326

.493

.265

1.480***

− 1.147***

.818**

−  1.525

.351

.193

 Rho

− .539***

− .603***

− .369

− .970***

.290

− .658***

.505

− .563

− .485

 Prob > chi2

0.000

0.000

.4544

0.000

0.367

0.000

0.2126

.0627

.2228

 Censored obs.

146,901

83,852

63,049

33,694

113,207

93,518

11,810

72,522

74,379

 Uncensored obs.

12,917

4484

8433

2633

10,284

9604

637

6682

6235

 N

159,818

88,336

71,482

36,327

123,491

103,122

12,447

79,204

80,614

AIC

8572

4015

 

1793

 

491

 

4158

 
  1. (*)The dummy for humanities studies was dropped in order to guarantee the concavity of the log pseudolikelihood
  2. Source: Ad hoc elaborations on Labour Force Survey data (2015–2″5)
  3. ***Significance at 1%; **significance at 5%; *significance at 10%
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