| |
Italy (1991–2011)
|
Denmark (1990–2010)
|
USA (1990–2010)
|
|---|
|
Low
|
Med
|
High
|
Low
|
Med
|
High
|
Low
|
Med
|
High
|
|---|
|
Men
|
|
1990/91
|
75.9
|
17.6
|
6.5
|
48.6
|
35.0
|
16.4
|
21.7
|
54.7
|
23.6
|
|
2010/11
|
53.8
|
34.0
|
12.2
|
29.6
|
43.9
|
26.5
|
13.3
|
57.9
|
28.8
|
|
Difference
|
− 22.1
|
+16.4
|
+5.7
|
− 19.0
|
+8.9
|
+10.1
|
− 8.4
|
+3.2
|
+5.2
|
|
Women
|
|
1990/91
|
81.8
|
14.3
|
3.9
|
62.7
|
23.4
|
13.9
|
22.9
|
60.1
|
17.0
|
|
2010/11
|
56.8
|
30.7
|
12.5
|
35.0
|
36.3
|
28.7
|
12.4
|
60.4
|
27.2
|
|
Difference
|
− 25.0
|
+16.4
|
+8.6
|
− 27.7
|
+12.9
|
+14.8
|
− 10.5
|
+0.3
|
+10.2
|
|
Both sexes
|
|
1990/91
|
79.0
|
15.8
|
5.2
|
55.9
|
29.0
|
15.1
|
22.4
|
57.6
|
20.0
|
|
2010/11
|
55.4
|
32.2
|
12.4
|
32.3
|
40.1
|
27.6
|
12.8
|
59.2
|
28.0
|
|
Difference
|
− 23.6
|
+16.4
|
+7.2
|
− 23.6
|
+11.1
|
+12.5
|
− 9.6
|
+1.6
|
+8.0
|
- Source: authors’ own calculations; the data sources for the three populations can be found in the “Data” section
- Notes: Low education includes the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED-97) levels 0 (pre-primary education), 1 (primary education or first stage of basic education), and 2 (lower secondary education); medium education includes the levels of 3 (upper secondary education) and 4 (post-secondary non-tertiary education); high education refers to the levels of 5 (first stage of tertiary education) and 6 (second stage of tertiary education). Differences are given in percentage points
