Journal of Population Sciences
Observed | Observed | Observed | Effect | Effect compression/expansion | Effect | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
e0 1980 | e0 2014 | Change e0 | Change M | Before M | After M | Residual | |||
1980–2014 | Total | Young | Adult | Old age | |||||
Men | |||||||||
Japan | 73.38 | 80.52 | 7.14 | 6.70 | 0.47 | 1.09 | − 0.47 | − 0.15 | − 0.03 |
USA | 69.99 | 76.66 | 6.67 | 8.17 | − 1.23 | 1.90 | − 2.58 | − 0.56 | − 0.26 |
Denmark | 71.17 | 78.55 | 7.38 | 7.75 | − 0.22 | 1.98 | − 1.48 | − 0.72 | − 0.15 |
Finland | 69.23 | 78.12 | 8.89 | 9.48 | − 0.43 | 1.07 | − 0.79 | − 0.71 | − 0.17 |
Ireland | 69.93 | 79.16 | 9.23 | 10.20 | − 0.73 | 1.39 | − 1.46 | − 0.66 | − 0.24 |
Norway | 72.34 | 80.02 | 7.68 | 7.74 | − 0.08 | 1.82 | − 1.12 | − 0.78 | 0.02 |
Sweden | 72.78 | 80.35 | 7.57 | 6.60 | 1.05 | 0.84 | 0.63 | − 0.43 | − 0.08 |
UK | 70.51 | 79.01 | 8.49 | 10.13 | − 1.52 | 1.65 | − 2.50 | − 0.67 | − 0.11 |
Austria | 68.97 | 78.92 | 9.95 | 8.23 | 1.91 | 2.62 | − 0.39 | − 0.33 | − 0.20 |
Belgium | 69.88 | 78.57 | 8.70 | 8.97 | − 0.11 | 2.16 | − 1.71 | − 0.56 | − 0.17 |
The Netherlands | 72.44 | 79.88 | 7.44 | 8.41 | − 0.99 | 1.67 | − 1.77 | − 0.89 | 0.02 |
Germany, West | 69.87 | 78.67 | 8.80 | 8.08 | 0.97 | 2.30 | − 0.94 | − 0.40 | − 0.25 |
France | 70.16 | 79.27 | 9.11 | 8.94 | 0.61 | 1.92 | − 0.85 | − 0.46 | − 0.43 |
Switzerland | 72.23 | 80.93 | 8.70 | 9.05 | − 0.25 | 2.28 | − 1.86 | − 0.68 | − 0.10 |
Italy | 70.67 | 79.72 | 9.05 | 8.08 | 1.09 | 1.95 | − 0.30 | − 0.56 | − 0.12 |
Portugal | 68.11 | 77.93 | 9.82 | 7.36 | 2.91 | 4.09 | − 0.82 | − 0.37 | − 0.44 |
Spain | 72.39 | 80.10 | 7.71 | 6.64 | 1.34 | 1.90 | − 0.27 | − 0.28 | − 0.28 |
Bulgaria | 68.44 | 70.31 | 1.87 | − 1.26 | 3.26 | 1.70 | 1.00 | 0.56 | − 0.13 |
Czech Republic | 66.81 | 75.72 | 8.91 | 6.94 | 2.03 | 1.89 | 0.18 | − 0.04 | − 0.07 |
Germany, East | 68.71 | 77.42 | 8.71 | 8.20 | 0.92 | 2.43 | − 1.29 | − 0.22 | − 0.41 |
Hungary | 65.52 | 72.26 | 6.74 | 0.04 | 6.82 | 2.04 | 3.42 | 1.37 | − 0.12 |
Poland | 65.76 | 73.66 | 7.90 | 1.41 | 6.51 | 2.29 | 3.22 | 1.00 | − 0.01 |
Slovakia | 66.71 | 73.25 | 6.54 | 1.69 | 4.80 | 1.21 | 2.94 | 0.64 | 0.05 |
Lithuania | 65.58 | 68.52 | 2.94 | − 4.99 | 8.24 | 2.05 | 4.58 | 1.61 | − 0.31 |
Latvia | 63.74 | 69.25 | 5.52 | − 1.78 | 7.55 | 3.51 | 2.77 | 1.26 | − 0.25 |
Belarus | 65.95 | 67.81 | 1.85 | − 4.27 | 6.11 | 1.82 | 3.26 | 1.04 | 0.01 |
Russia | 61.39 | 65.26 | 3.87 | 1.05 | 2.98 | 2.04 | 0.54 | 0.40 | − 0.16 |
Ukraine | 64.62 | 66.31 | 1.69 | − 3.17 | 4.97 | 1.56 | 2.37 | 1.04 | − 0.11 |
Women | |||||||||
Japan | 78.75 | 86.89 | 8.13 | 7.70 | 0.28 | 0.69 | − 0.28 | − 0.13 | 0.14 |
USA | 77.48 | 81.48 | 4.00 | 3.56 | 0.47 | 0.73 | − 0.06 | − 0.20 | − 0.03 |
Denmark | 77.18 | 82.67 | 5.50 | 3.41 | 1.99 | 0.43 | 1.63 | − 0.08 | 0.10 |
Finland | 77.86 | 83.84 | 5.99 | 6.00 | 0.04 | 0.66 | − 0.30 | − 0.32 | − 0.05 |
Ireland | 75.38 | 83.24 | 7.87 | 7.63 | 0.03 | 0.86 | − 0.43 | − 0.41 | 0.21 |
Norway | 79.18 | 84.09 | 4.91 | 4.57 | 0.51 | 0.78 | − 0.03 | − 0.24 | − 0.16 |
Sweden | 78.85 | 84.06 | 5.20 | 4.32 | 1.03 | 0.46 | 0.82 | − 0.24 | − 0.15 |
UK | 76.57 | 82.78 | 6.21 | 5.54 | 0.57 | 0.82 | 0.10 | − 0.35 | 0.10 |
Austria | 76.06 | 83.75 | 7.69 | 6.76 | 0.96 | 1.33 | − 0.08 | − 0.29 | − 0.02 |
Belgium | 76.66 | 83.53 | 6.87 | 6.18 | 0.80 | 1.22 | − 0.16 | − 0.26 | − 0.11 |
the Netherlands | 79.13 | 83.30 | 4.16 | 4.01 | 0.22 | 0.79 | − 0.29 | − 0.28 | − 0.06 |
Germany, West | 76.62 | 83.35 | 6.72 | 5.83 | 1.04 | 1.29 | − 0.01 | − 0.24 | − 0.15 |
France | 78.41 | 85.45 | 7.05 | 6.16 | 0.95 | 1.20 | − 0.07 | − 0.18 | − 0.06 |
Switzerland | 78.85 | 85.12 | 6.27 | 5.31 | 0.86 | 1.06 | 0.06 | − 0.26 | 0.10 |
Italy | 77.42 | 84.47 | 7.04 | 5.76 | 1.31 | 1.25 | 0.30 | − 0.25 | − 0.03 |
Portugal | 75.21 | 84.15 | 8.94 | 6.67 | 2.25 | 2.68 | − 0.10 | − 0.32 | 0.01 |
Spain | 78.55 | 85.65 | 7.10 | 5.96 | 1.06 | 1.16 | 0.17 | − 0.27 | 0.08 |
Bulgaria | 73.90 | 77.26 | 3.35 | 3.61 | − 0.32 | 1.37 | − 1.43 | − 0.27 | 0.07 |
Czech Republic | 73.93 | 81.73 | 7.80 | 7.04 | 0.93 | 1.19 | − 0.03 | − 0.23 | − 0.17 |
Germany, East | 74.64 | 83.42 | 8.78 | 7.65 | 1.21 | 1.25 | 0.19 | − 0.23 | − 0.09 |
Hungary | 72.76 | 79.25 | 6.50 | 5.04 | 1.82 | 1.55 | 0.34 | − 0.06 | − 0.36 |
Poland | 74.22 | 81.43 | 7.21 | 5.82 | 1.52 | 1.76 | − 0.08 | − 0.16 | − 0.13 |
Slovakia | 74.26 | 80.32 | 6.06 | 4.90 | 1.17 | 1.13 | 0.10 | − 0.06 | − 0.02 |
Lithuania | 75.64 | 79.34 | 3.70 | 3.67 | 0.17 | 1.43 | − 0.82 | − 0.43 | − 0.15 |
Latvia | 74.11 | 78.73 | 4.63 | 3.66 | 1.21 | 1.77 | − 0.36 | − 0.19 | − 0.25 |
Belarus | 75.61 | 78.43 | 2.83 | 1.90 | 0.88 | 1.39 | − 0.12 | − 0.38 | 0.04 |
Russia | 72.97 | 76.48 | 3.51 | 2.96 | 0.58 | 1.20 | − 0.46 | −0.17 | − 0.02 |
Ukraine | 74.06 | 76.21 | 2.15 | 1.88 | 0.22 | 1.06 | − 0.67 | − 0.18 | 0.04 |