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Journal of Population Sciences

Table 1 Contributions (in years) of changes in the modal age at dying (M) and of mortality expansion/compression at young, adult, and old ages in the change in life expectancy at birth (e0) between 1980 and 2014*, by country and sex

From: The timing of the transition from mortality compression to mortality delay in Europe, Japan and the United States

 

Observed

Observed

Observed

Effect

Effect compression/expansion

Effect

e0 1980

e0 2014

Change e0

Change M

 

Before M

After M

Residual

  

1980–2014

 

Total

Young

Adult

Old age

 

Men

 Japan

73.38

80.52

7.14

6.70

0.47

1.09

− 0.47

− 0.15

− 0.03

 USA

69.99

76.66

6.67

8.17

− 1.23

1.90

− 2.58

− 0.56

− 0.26

 Denmark

71.17

78.55

7.38

7.75

− 0.22

1.98

− 1.48

− 0.72

− 0.15

 Finland

69.23

78.12

8.89

9.48

− 0.43

1.07

− 0.79

− 0.71

− 0.17

 Ireland

69.93

79.16

9.23

10.20

− 0.73

1.39

− 1.46

− 0.66

− 0.24

 Norway

72.34

80.02

7.68

7.74

− 0.08

1.82

− 1.12

− 0.78

0.02

 Sweden

72.78

80.35

7.57

6.60

1.05

0.84

0.63

− 0.43

− 0.08

 UK

70.51

79.01

8.49

10.13

− 1.52

1.65

− 2.50

− 0.67

− 0.11

 Austria

68.97

78.92

9.95

8.23

1.91

2.62

− 0.39

− 0.33

− 0.20

 Belgium

69.88

78.57

8.70

8.97

− 0.11

2.16

− 1.71

− 0.56

− 0.17

 The Netherlands

72.44

79.88

7.44

8.41

− 0.99

1.67

− 1.77

− 0.89

0.02

 Germany, West

69.87

78.67

8.80

8.08

0.97

2.30

− 0.94

− 0.40

− 0.25

 France

70.16

79.27

9.11

8.94

0.61

1.92

− 0.85

− 0.46

− 0.43

 Switzerland

72.23

80.93

8.70

9.05

− 0.25

2.28

− 1.86

− 0.68

− 0.10

 Italy

70.67

79.72

9.05

8.08

1.09

1.95

− 0.30

− 0.56

− 0.12

 Portugal

68.11

77.93

9.82

7.36

2.91

4.09

− 0.82

− 0.37

− 0.44

 Spain

72.39

80.10

7.71

6.64

1.34

1.90

− 0.27

− 0.28

− 0.28

 Bulgaria

68.44

70.31

1.87

− 1.26

3.26

1.70

1.00

0.56

− 0.13

 Czech Republic

66.81

75.72

8.91

6.94

2.03

1.89

0.18

− 0.04

− 0.07

 Germany, East

68.71

77.42

8.71

8.20

0.92

2.43

− 1.29

− 0.22

− 0.41

 Hungary

65.52

72.26

6.74

0.04

6.82

2.04

3.42

1.37

− 0.12

 Poland

65.76

73.66

7.90

1.41

6.51

2.29

3.22

1.00

− 0.01

 Slovakia

66.71

73.25

6.54

1.69

4.80

1.21

2.94

0.64

0.05

 Lithuania

65.58

68.52

2.94

− 4.99

8.24

2.05

4.58

1.61

− 0.31

 Latvia

63.74

69.25

5.52

− 1.78

7.55

3.51

2.77

1.26

− 0.25

 Belarus

65.95

67.81

1.85

− 4.27

6.11

1.82

3.26

1.04

0.01

 Russia

61.39

65.26

3.87

1.05

2.98

2.04

0.54

0.40

− 0.16

 Ukraine

64.62

66.31

1.69

− 3.17

4.97

1.56

2.37

1.04

− 0.11

Women

 Japan

78.75

86.89

8.13

7.70

0.28

0.69

− 0.28

− 0.13

0.14

 USA

77.48

81.48

4.00

3.56

0.47

0.73

− 0.06

− 0.20

− 0.03

 Denmark

77.18

82.67

5.50

3.41

1.99

0.43

1.63

− 0.08

0.10

 Finland

77.86

83.84

5.99

6.00

0.04

0.66

− 0.30

− 0.32

− 0.05

 Ireland

75.38

83.24

7.87

7.63

0.03

0.86

− 0.43

− 0.41

0.21

 Norway

79.18

84.09

4.91

4.57

0.51

0.78

− 0.03

− 0.24

− 0.16

 Sweden

78.85

84.06

5.20

4.32

1.03

0.46

0.82

− 0.24

− 0.15

 UK

76.57

82.78

6.21

5.54

0.57

0.82

0.10

− 0.35

0.10

 Austria

76.06

83.75

7.69

6.76

0.96

1.33

− 0.08

− 0.29

− 0.02

 Belgium

76.66

83.53

6.87

6.18

0.80

1.22

− 0.16

− 0.26

− 0.11

 the Netherlands

79.13

83.30

4.16

4.01

0.22

0.79

− 0.29

− 0.28

− 0.06

 Germany, West

76.62

83.35

6.72

5.83

1.04

1.29

− 0.01

− 0.24

− 0.15

 France

78.41

85.45

7.05

6.16

0.95

1.20

− 0.07

− 0.18

− 0.06

 Switzerland

78.85

85.12

6.27

5.31

0.86

1.06

0.06

− 0.26

0.10

 Italy

77.42

84.47

7.04

5.76

1.31

1.25

0.30

− 0.25

− 0.03

 Portugal

75.21

84.15

8.94

6.67

2.25

2.68

− 0.10

− 0.32

0.01

 Spain

78.55

85.65

7.10

5.96

1.06

1.16

0.17

− 0.27

0.08

 Bulgaria

73.90

77.26

3.35

3.61

− 0.32

1.37

− 1.43

− 0.27

0.07

 Czech Republic

73.93

81.73

7.80

7.04

0.93

1.19

− 0.03

− 0.23

− 0.17

 Germany, East

74.64

83.42

8.78

7.65

1.21

1.25

0.19

− 0.23

− 0.09

 Hungary

72.76

79.25

6.50

5.04

1.82

1.55

0.34

− 0.06

− 0.36

 Poland

74.22

81.43

7.21

5.82

1.52

1.76

− 0.08

− 0.16

− 0.13

 Slovakia

74.26

80.32

6.06

4.90

1.17

1.13

0.10

− 0.06

− 0.02

 Lithuania

75.64

79.34

3.70

3.67

0.17

1.43

− 0.82

− 0.43

− 0.15

 Latvia

74.11

78.73

4.63

3.66

1.21

1.77

− 0.36

− 0.19

− 0.25

 Belarus

75.61

78.43

2.83

1.90

0.88

1.39

− 0.12

− 0.38

0.04

 Russia

72.97

76.48

3.51

2.96

0.58

1.20

− 0.46

−0.17

− 0.02

 Ukraine

74.06

76.21

2.15

1.88

0.22

1.06

− 0.67

− 0.18

0.04

  1. *2010 for Bulgaria; 2012 for Italy; 2013 for UK, Lithuania, Latvia, and Ukraine