From: Immigrant citizenship status in Europe: the role of individual characteristics and national policies
Odds ratios | Significance | |
---|---|---|
Demographic variables | ||
Age | 1.008 | |
Female (ref. cat. = male) | 1.247 | ** |
Marital status (ref. cat. = legally married or civil union) | ||
- Legally separated, divorced, dissolved civil union | 0.938 | |
- Living with partner | 0.501 | *** |
- Single | 0.776 | ** |
- Widowed, civil partner deceased | 1.099 | |
Area of origin (ref. cat. = Asia) | ||
- Eastern Europe | 1.402 | * |
- Latin America | 1.676 | *** |
- Middle East | 1.013 | |
- North Africa | 1.309 | |
- Sub-Saharan Africa | 1.824 | *** |
Former colony | 1.040 | * |
Human capital variables | ||
Current economic situation (ref. cat. = in paid work) | ||
- Homemaker or other | 0.732 | * |
- In education | 0.857 | |
- Retired, sick, disabled | 0.558 | ** |
- Unemployed | 0.920 | |
Perceived financial well-being (ref. cat. = comfortable) | ||
- Sufficient | 0.726 | ** |
- Difficult | 0.751 | * |
- Very difficult | 0.519 | *** |
Educational attainment (in years) | 1.062 | *** |
Immigration variables | ||
Years since migration | 1.091 | *** |
1.5 generation (ref. cat. = first generation) | 1.649 | *** |
Status on entry (ref. cat. = work or study) | ||
- Family reunion | 1.530 | *** |
- Permanent-long term | 1.101 | |
- Humanitarian | 1.299 | * |
- Other legal status | 0.838 | |
- Other illegal status | 0.669 | ** |
National citizenship policies | ||
8 or 10 years of residence required for naturalisation (ref. cat. = 5 or 6 years) | 0.125 | *** |
Toleration of dual citizenship | 1.014 | |
Naturalisation rate | 1.386 | *** |
Proportion of foreign citizens | 2.617 | *** |