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Journal of Population Sciences

Table 1 Changes in the distribution of the married samples of Kenya, Rwanda and Zimbabwe over time

From: The elasticity of marital fertility in three sub-Saharan African countries: a decomposition analysis

 

KDHS1989

KDHS1993

KDHS1998

KDHS2003

KDHS2008

KDHS2014

n = 4778

n = 4583

n = 4847

n = 4876

n = 5041

19,036

Mean

95% CI

Mean

95% CI

Mean

95% CI

Mean

95% CI

Mean

95% CI

Mean

95% CI

 Contraceptive use

  None

72.5

70.8

74.2

67.1

65.6

68.7

60.9

59.3

62.4

60.5

59.0

62.0

54.0

52.0

56.0

41.5

40.2

42.9

  Modern

18.4

16.9

19.8

27.4

26.0

28.9

31.6

30.1

33.1

31.6

30.2

33.1

40.0

38.0

42.0

53.8

52.4

55.1

  Traditional

9.2

8.0

10.3

5.4

4.7

6.2

7.5

6.6

8.4

7.9

7.0

8.7

6.0

5.0

7.1

4.7

4.1

5.3

 Postpartum infecund

  No

57.0

55.2

58.8

62.1

60.5

63.7

65.2

63.6

66.7

62.0

60.5

63.5

65.8

63.9

67.7

68.7

67.4

70.0

  Yes

43.0

41.2

44.8

37.9

36.3

39.5

34.8

33.3

36.4

38.0

36.5

39.5

34.2

32.3

36.1

31.3

30.0

32.6

 Ever aborted

  No

      

88.6

87.6

89.6

85.5

84.4

86.6

87.2

86.0

88.4

87.3

86.3

88.2

  Yes

      

11.4

10.4

12.4

14.5

13.4

15.6

12.8

11.6

14.0

12.7

11.8

13.7

 Age group

  15–19

5.8

4.9

6.6

5.7

4.9

6.4

5.9

5.1

6.6

6.8

6.0

7.6

4.3

3.5

5.1

3.5

3.0

4.0

  20–24

17.4

16.1

18.8

20.3

19.0

21.6

19.6

18.3

20.8

19.7

18.4

20.9

19.4

17.8

21.0

16.7

15.6

17.8

  25–29

23.6

22.0

25.1

21.7

20.3

23.0

22.2

20.9

23.6

21.5

20.3

22.8

22.1

20.4

23.9

25.1

23.8

26.3

  30–34

17.4

16.0

18.8

19.8

18.5

21.1

17.0

15.8

18.2

17.7

16.5

18.9

19.7

18.0

21.3

19.8

18.7

21.0

  35–39

16.2

14.8

17.7

13.8

12.7

15.0

17.3

16.1

18.5

14.0

12.9

15.1

14.1

12.7

15.4

15.7

14.7

16.7

  40–44

11.9

10.7

13.2

11.2

10.2

12.3

10.6

9.6

11.6

12.4

11.4

13.5

11.1

9.8

12.4

10.5

9.6

11.3

  45–49

7.7

6.7

8.7

7.5

6.6

8.4

7.4

6.6

8.2

7.9

7.0

8.7

9.4

8.3

10.4

8.7

8.0

9.5

 Female education

  None

31.2

29.5

33.0

22.6

21.2

24.0

14.1

13.0

15.2

15.4

14.3

16.5

10.6

9.5

11.6

9.0

8.4

9.6

  Primary

51.5

49.6

53.3

56.2

54.5

57.8

58.1

56.6

59.7

58.4

56.9

59.9

58.9

56.9

60.9

54.2

52.7

55.6

  Secondary

16.9

15.6

18.2

20.7

19.4

22.1

25.5

24.0

26.9

20.7

19.4

21.9

23.7

21.8

25.6

27.2

25.9

28.6

  Tertiary

0.3

0.2

0.5

0.5

0.3

0.8

2.3

1.7

2.8

5.5

4.8

6.2

6.8

5.9

7.7

9.6

8.7

10.5

 Female occupation

  Not employed

90.0

88.9

91.0

45.2

43.6

46.9

37.7

36.1

39.2

31.3

29.8

32.7

33.1

31.2

35.0

25.2

24.0

26.5

  Skilled (employed 1988)

10.0

9.0

11.1

7.4

6.5

8.3

7.7

6.9

8.6

5.1

4.5

5.8

25.3

23.5

27.0

10.6

9.6

11.5

  Semiskilled

   

20.0

18.7

21.3

18.4

17.2

19.7

19.0

17.8

20.3

9.3

8.0

10.6

9.9

9.0

10.7

  Agriculture

   

25.2

23.8

26.6

33.6

32.1

35.2

38.4

36.9

40.0

29.1

27.4

30.9

28.2

27.0

29.4

  Unskilled

   

2.1

1.6

2.6

2.5

2.0

3.0

6.1

5.4

6.9

3.1

2.3

3.9

26.1

24.8

27.4

 Religion

  Catholic

34.7

32.9

36.5

30.7

29.2

32.2

27.4

26.0

28.9

24.2

22.8

25.6

20.6

19.0

22.2

19.4

18.2

20.5

  Other Christian

57.2

55.3

59.0

59.9

58.2

61.5

64.6

63.1

66.2

65.1

63.7

66.6

68.7

66.9

70.5

71.7

70.5

73.0

  Muslim

3.4

2.8

4.1

4.8

4.1

5.5

5.0

4.3

5.7

8.2

7.5

8.9

7.8

7.0

8.6

6.7

6.2

7.3

  None

3.1

2.4

3.7

3.7

3.1

4.3

2.1

1.7

2.5

2.2

1.8

2.6

2.4

1.9

2.9

1.8

1.5

2.1

  Other religions

1.6

1.1

2.1

1.0

0.7

1.3

0.9

0.6

1.2

0.3

0.1

0.5

0.6

0.4

0.8

0.4

0.2

0.5

 Household SES

  Poorest

   

19.8

18.5

21.1

21.3

19.9

22.6

19.3

18.1

20.5

17.1

15.8

18.5

16.7

15.8

17.5

  Poorer

   

20.9

19.6

22.2

19.6

18.4

20.9

19.3

18.1

20.6

18.0

16.5

19.5

17.9

16.9

18.9

  Middle

   

18.8

17.6

20.1

18.7

17.5

19.9

18.7

17.4

19.9

19.4

17.9

20.9

19.2

18.1

20.3

  Richer

   

19.6

18.3

21.0

18.9

17.7

20.2

19.5

18.2

20.8

20.6

19.0

22.2

21.6

20.4

22.8

  Richest

   

20.8

19.5

22.2

21.5

20.1

22.8

23.2

21.9

24.5

24.9

22.9

26.8

24.7

23.3

26.0

 Place of residence

  Rural

   

85.3

84.1

86.5

79.2

77.9

80.6

77.8

76.6

79.1

76.5

74.6

78.5

60.8

59.3

62.2

  Urban

   

14.7

13.5

15.9

20.8

19.4

22.1

22.2

20.9

23.4

23.5

21.5

25.4

39.2

37.8

40.7

 Husband’s education

  None

16.3

14.8

17.7

12.2

11.1

13.3

8.4

7.5

9.3

10.8

9.9

11.8

7.7

6.8

8.6

6.6

6.1

7.1

  Primary

50.9

49.1

52.8

52.3

50.7

54.0

49.0

47.4

50.6

49.5

47.9

51.0

48.5

46.5

50.6

48.2

46.8

49.6

  Secondary

31.2

29.5

32.9

33.7

32.2

35.3

37.5

35.9

39.1

29.6

28.2

31.0

33.0

31.0

35.0

31.4

30.1

32.7

  Tertiary

1.6

1.2

2.0

1.8

1.3

2.2

5.1

4.3

5.8

10.1

9.1

11.0

10.7

9.6

11.9

13.9

12.8

14.9

 Husband’s occupation

  Not employed

2.1

1.5

2.6

2.1

1.6

2.5

2.9

2.3

3.4

0.8

0.5

1.0

0.4

0.2

0.6

1.3

1.0

1.6

  Skilled

25.0

23.4

26.6

27.5

26.0

29.0

21.1

19.7

22.4

15.4

14.3

16.5

40.1

38.1

42.0

28.3

27.0

29.6

  Semiskilled

30.2

28.5

31.8

23.3

21.9

24.7

23.6

22.3

25.0

23.4

22.1

24.7

9.6

8.3

10.9

7.7

6.9

8.4

  Agriculture

36.7

34.8

38.5

35.2

33.7

36.8

33.6

32.1

35.1

34.9

33.4

36.4

30.7

28.9

32.6

22.0

21.0

23.1

  Unskilled

6.1

5.2

7.0

11.9

10.8

12.9

18.9

17.6

20.1

25.5

24.1

26.8

19.2

17.6

20.8

40.7

39.3

42.1

 Husband’s desire for children

  Same

   

55.1

53.5

56.7

57.1

55.5

58.6

50.0

48.5

51.6

57.0

55.0

59.0

58.7

57.3

60.1

  More

   

38.1

36.5

39.7

33.9

32.4

35.4

39.8

38.3

41.4

37.3

35.3

39.2

33.4

32.1

34.7

  Less

   

6.8

6.0

7.6

9.0

8.1

9.9

10.1

9.2

11.1

5.7

4.9

6.6

7.9

7.1

8.7

 Community-level variables

  IMR

61

60

62

61

60

62

73

71

74

76

75

77

51

51

52

39

39

39

  CMR

91

89

92

96

94

97

110

108

112

112

110

114

72

71

74

52

52

52

  Community education F

18.8

18.2

19.3

22.5

21.9

23.1

27.6

26.9

28.3

26.5

25.8

27.1

32.9

32.0

33.8

40.7

40.0

41.4

  Community education M

32.3

31.6

32.9

34.8

34.0

35.6

42.0

41.2

42.9

39.6

38.8

40.4

43.6

42.5

44.6

45.8

45.0

46.6

 

RDHS1992

RDHS2000

RDHS2005

RDHS2010

RDHS2014

   

n = 3698

n = 4891

n = 5458

n = 6834

n = 6890

   

Mean

95% CI

Mean

95% CI

Mean

95% CI

Mean

95% CI

Mean

95% CI

   

 Contraceptive use

  None

78.8

77.5

80.2

87.3

86.2

88.4

82.7

81.7

83.8

48.4

47.1

49.6

46.7

45.5

47.9

   

  Modern

12.9

11.8

14.0

5.3

4.6

6.0

10.2

9.3

11.0

45.2

44.0

46.5

47.5

46.3

48.8

   

  Traditional

8.3

7.4

9.2

7.4

6.5

8.2

7.1

6.4

7.8

6.4

5.8

7.0

5.8

5.2

6.3

   

 Postpartum infecund

  No

37.7

36.0

39.3

41.9

40.3

43.5

39.0

37.6

40.3

48.6

47.4

49.8

54.6

53.4

55.9

   

  Yes

62.3

60.7

64.0

58.1

56.5

59.7

61.0

59.7

62.4

51.4

50.2

52.6

45.4

44.1

46.6

   

 Ever aborted

  No

   

79.5

78.1

80.8

79.1

77.9

80.3

80.8

79.8

81.7

80.5

79.5

81.5

   

  Yes

   

20.5

19.2

21.9

20.9

19.7

22.1

19.2

18.3

20.2

19.5

18.5

20.5

   

 Age group

  15–19

3.1

2.5

3.7

3.4

2.8

4.0

1.2

0.9

1.5

1.3

1.0

1.6

1.2

0.9

1.5

   

  20–24

16.3

15.1

17.6

18.2

16.9

19.4

18.0

16.9

19.1

14.5

13.6

15.3

12.7

11.8

13.5

   

  25–29

21.2

19.9

22.6

21.9

20.5

23.2

22.7

21.5

23.9

25.7

24.6

26.8

22.6

21.5

23.6

   

  30–34

22.4

21.0

23.8

18.1

16.8

19.3

20.3

19.1

21.4

21.2

20.2

22.2

24.3

23.2

25.3

   

  35–39

16.0

14.8

17.2

16.7

15.4

17.9

14.7

13.7

15.7

16.1

15.2

17.0

17.8

16.8

18.7

   

  40–44

12.8

11.7

13.9

13.4

12.3

14.5

13.3

12.3

14.2

11.3

10.5

12.0

12.8

12.0

13.7

   

  45–49

8.1

7.2

9.0

8.5

7.6

9.4

9.8

9.0

10.7

10.0

9.3

10.7

8.6

7.9

9.3

   

 Female education

  None

45.9

44.3

47.6

37.0

35.4

38.6

29.5

28.2

30.8

19.6

18.7

20.6

16.5

15.6

17.5

   

  Primary

48.7

47.0

50.4

54.4

52.7

56.0

62.0

60.6

63.4

69.9

68.7

71.0

70.5

69.3

71.6

   

  Secondary

5.2

4.5

5.9

8.3

7.4

9.2

8.0

7.2

8.7

9.0

8.3

9.7

10.3

9.6

11.1

   

  Tertiary

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.3

0.1

0.5

0.5

0.4

0.7

1.5

1.2

1.8

2.7

2.3

3.1

   

 Female occupation

  Not employed

2.2

1.8

2.6

0.3

0.1

0.4

18.8

17.7

19.9

9.7

9.0

10.4

5.8

5.2

6.4

   

  Skilled

2.4

1.9

2.9

3.4

2.8

4.0

2.6

2.2

3.1

3.8

3.3

4.3

5.3

4.8

5.8

   

  Semiskilled

2.0

1.6

2.4

5.0

4.3

5.7

4.2

3.6

4.7

6.5

5.9

7.1

10.8

10.1

11.6

   

  Agriculture

93.2

92.5

94.0

91.0

90.1

91.9

73.4

72.1

74.6

77.1

76.1

78.1

75.9

74.9

77.0

   

  Unskilled

0.1

0.0

0.2

0.3

0.2

0.5

1.0

0.8

1.3

2.9

2.5

3.3

2.1

1.8

2.5

   

 Religion

  Catholic

      

46.6

45.2

48.0

42.1

40.9

43.3

38.0

36.8

39.2

   

  Protestant

      

36.8

35.5

38.2

40.3

39.1

41.5

45.9

44.6

47.1

   

  Adventist

      

13.1

12.2

14.1

14.3

13.5

15.2

12.8

12.0

13.7

   

  Muslim

      

1.7

1.4

2.1

1.4

1.2

1.7

2.1

1.7

2.4

   

  Other religions

      

0.8

0.6

1.1

1.0

0.8

1.3

0.8

0.6

1.0

   

  None

      

0.9

0.6

1.1

0.8

0.6

1.1

0.4

0.2

0.5

   

 Household SES

  Poorest

22.7

21.3

24.1

37.5

35.9

39.1

20.7

19.6

21.9

19.5

18.5

20.4

18.9

17.9

19.8

   

  Poorer

20.4

19.0

21.8

12.4

11.3

13.5

20.4

19.3

21.6

20.1

19.2

21.1

21.0

20.0

22.1

   

  Middle

19.8

18.4

21.1

19.6

18.4

20.9

20.3

19.1

21.5

20.4

19.4

21.3

20.8

19.8

21.8

   

  Richer

18.7

17.4

20.0

15.2

14.0

16.3

20.9

19.8

22.1

20.6

19.6

21.6

19.8

18.8

20.8

   

  Richest

18.4

17.1

19.6

15.3

14.1

16.4

17.6

16.6

18.7

19.4

18.5

20.4

19.5

18.6

20.5

   

 Place of residence

  Rural

95.0

94.6

95.4

89.5

88.5

90.5

87.0

86.1

87.8

86.7

85.9

87.5

82.9

82.0

83.8

   

  Urban

5.0

4.6

5.4

10.5

9.5

11.5

13.0

12.2

13.9

13.3

12.5

14.1

17.1

16.2

18.0

   

 Husband’s education

  None

33.2

31.6

34.8

33.4

31.9

35.0

26.9

25.7

28.2

19.3

18.3

20.3

16.9

16.0

17.9

   

  Primary

60.6

59.0

62.3

56.3

54.7

57.9

61.6

60.2

63.0

68.0

66.8

69.1

70.3

69.2

71.5

   

  Secondary

5.5

4.8

6.2

9.3

8.3

10.2

10.4

9.5

11.2

10.6

9.8

11.3

9.2

8.5

9.9

   

  Tertiary

0.7

0.5

0.9

1.0

0.7

1.3

1.1

0.8

1.4

2.2

1.8

2.5

3.5

3.1

3.9

   

 Husband’s occupation

  Not employed

0.4

0.2

0.6

0.8

0.5

1.1

0.1

0.0

0.2

0.9

0.7

1.2

0.9

0.7

1.1

   

  Skilled

8.9

7.9

9.8

13.0

11.9

14.1

12.9

12.0

13.9

14.5

13.6

15.3

20.2

19.2

21.2

   

  Semiskilled

4.3

3.7

4.9

4.1

3.5

4.8

4.9

4.3

5.5

8.2

7.5

8.8

10.0

9.3

10.7

   

  Agriculture

81.8

80.5

83.0

80.8

79.6

82.1

77.4

76.2

78.5

70.5

69.4

71.6

62.9

61.7

64.1

   

  Unskilled

4.7

4.0

5.4

1.2

0.8

1.5

4.7

4.1

5.3

5.9

5.4

6.5

6.0

5.4

6.6

   

 Husband’s desire for children

  Same

71.3

69.8

72.8

38.4

36.8

40.0

38.6

37.3

40.0

59.3

58.1

60.5

60.5

59.3

61.7

   

  More

15.6

14.4

16.8

53.4

51.8

55.0

42.9

41.4

44.3

23.5

22.5

24.6

22.1

21.1

23.1

   

  Less

13.1

12.0

14.2

8.2

7.3

9.1

18.5

17.4

19.6

17.2

16.3

18.1

17.4

16.5

18.4

   

 Community-level variables

  IMR

85

85

86

107

107

108

86

86

87

50

50

50

32

32

32

   

  CMR

151

150

152

197

195

198

153

152

154

75

75

76

50

50

50

   

  Community education F

6.9

6.6

7.2

7.9

7.6

8.3

8.2

7.9

8.5

14.7

14.4

15.1

21.3

21.0

21.7

   

  Community education M

6.1

5.8

6.3

10.4

9.9

10.8

11.4

11.0

11.8

12.7

12.3

13.1

12.7

12.3

13.1

   
 

ZDHS1988

ZDHS1994

ZDHS1999

ZDHS2005-2006

ZDHS2010-2011

ZDHS2015

n = 2973

n = 3469

n = 4203

n = 6154

n = 6543

n = 6015

Mean

95% CI

Mean

95% CI

Mean

95% CI

Mean

95% CI

Mean

95% CI

Mean

95% CI

 Contraceptive use

  None

57.2

55.3

59.0

50.4

48.6

52.2

50.3

48.6

52.0

46.7

45.2

48.2

47.2

45.9

48.6

33.0

31.6

34.4

  Modern

36.4

34.7

38.2

43.8

42.0

45.6

46.9

45.2

48.6

51.8

50.4

53.3

51.7

50.4

53.1

66.0

64.6

67.4

  Traditional

6.4

5.5

7.3

5.8

5.0

6.6

2.8

2.3

3.4

1.5

1.2

1.8

1.1

0.8

1.4

1.0

0.7

1.3

 Postpartum infecund

  No

67.9

66.2

69.6

71.8

70.2

73.4

74.9

73.4

76.3

75.0

73.7

76.4

73.3

72.1

74.5

74.3

73.0

75.6

  Yes

32.1

30.4

33.8

28.2

26.6

29.8

25.1

23.7

26.6

25.0

23.6

26.3

26.7

25.5

27.9

25.7

24.4

27.0

 Ever aborted

  No

   

82.6

81.3

84.0

85.8

84.6

86.9

87.9

86.9

88.9

87.3

86.4

88.2

83.4

82.3

84.6

  Yes

   

17.4

16.0

18.7

14.2

13.1

15.4

12.1

11.1

13.1

12.7

11.8

13.6

16.6

15.4

17.7

 Age group

  15–19

6.5

5.6

7.4

7.3

6.4

8.3

7.7

6.8

8.6

7.5

6.7

8.4

7.2

6.4

7.9

7.0

6.3

7.8

  20–24

19.8

18.3

21.3

21.4

19.9

22.9

21.8

20.4

23.2

21.7

20.5

22.9

20.1

19.0

21.2

17.2

16.1

18.3

  25–29

20.8

19.2

22.3

19.4

18.0

20.8

22.0

20.6

23.4

20.8

19.6

22.0

22.1

20.9

23.2

20.8

19.5

22.0

  30–34

19.0

17.5

20.4

19.0

17.6

20.4

15.0

13.8

16.2

18.1

16.9

19.3

17.6

16.6

18.6

21.6

20.4

22.9

  35–39

15.0

13.6

16.3

13.7

12.4

14.9

14.4

13.2

15.5

12.3

11.4

13.2

14.2

13.3

15.2

15.7

14.6

16.8

  40–44

10.1

9.0

11.2

11.1

10.0

12.2

10.8

9.8

11.8

10.6

9.7

11.5

10.1

9.3

10.9

11.5

10.6

12.5

  45–49

8.8

7.8

9.9

8.1

7.1

9.0

8.3

7.4

9.2

9.0

8.1

9.9

8.7

8.0

9.5

6.2

5.5

6.9

 Female education

  None

16.4

15.0

17.8

12.9

11.8

14.1

8.8

7.9

9.7

5.7

4.8

6.5

3.0

2.5

3.4

1.5

1.1

1.9

  Primary

62.2

60.4

64.1

52.8

51.0

54.6

46.2

44.6

47.9

37.5

36.1

39.0

32.2

31.0

33.5

29.9

28.5

31.2

  Secondary

20.6

19.1

22.1

32.4

30.7

34.1

42.0

40.3

43.7

53.6

52.1

55.1

60.6

59.3

62.0

62.2

60.8

63.7

  Tertiary

0.7

0.4

1.0

1.9

1.4

2.5

3.0

2.4

3.6

3.2

2.7

3.7

4.1

3.6

4.7

6.4

5.7

7.2

 Female occupation

  Not employed

   

39.3

37.5

41.0

39.4

37.8

41.1

52.0

50.5

53.5

53.1

51.8

54.5

46.0

44.5

47.5

  Skilled

   

16.9

15.5

18.3

12.1

11.0

13.2

8.4

7.6

9.1

4.8

4.2

5.4

8.8

7.9

9.6

  Semiskilled

   

14.7

13.4

16.0

21.7

20.3

23.1

16.6

15.5

17.7

19.2

18.1

20.3

29.6

28.2

31.0

  Agriculture

   

27.9

26.3

29.4

25.8

24.4

27.2

19.0

17.8

20.1

11.2

10.3

12.0

13.2

12.2

14.2

  Unskilled

   

1.2

0.8

1.6

1.0

0.7

1.3

4.0

3.5

4.5

11.7

10.8

12.5

2.3

1.9

2.8

 Religion

  Catholic

65.7

64.0

67.5

55.1

53.4

56.9

95.7

95.0

96.4

9.5

8.6

10.3

7.4

6.7

8.1

5.5

4.8

6.2

  Protestant

32.8

31.0

34.5

41.1

39.4

42.9

4.0

3.4

4.7

23.7

22.5

25.0

15.8

14.8

16.8

13.7

12.7

14.8

  Pentecostal

1.5

1.1

2.0

3.8

3.1

4.4

0.3

0.1

0.5

16.3

15.2

17.4

19.1

18.1

20.2

22.5

21.2

23.7

  Apostolic

         

32.3

30.8

33.7

42.2

40.9

43.6

47.0

45.5

48.5

  Other Christian

         

5.8

5.1

6.5

7.4

6.7

8.0

4.3

3.8

4.9

  Other religions

         

3.5

3.0

4.0

1.3

1.0

1.6

1.1

0.8

1.4

  None

         

8.9

8.1

9.8

6.8

6.1

7.4

5.7

5.0

6.4

 Household SES

  Poorest

   

19.8

18.4

21.1

18.7

17.5

19.9

19.2

18.0

20.5

18.8

17.8

19.8

19.5

18.3

20.6

  Poorer

   

16.6

15.3

17.9

17.6

16.4

18.8

18.8

17.6

20.0

19.0

18.0

20.1

19.5

18.4

20.7

  Middle

   

19.1

17.7

20.5

18.3

17.1

19.6

18.0

16.9

19.2

19.6

18.5

20.8

17.8

16.6

18.9

  Richer

   

22.2

20.7

23.7

23.1

21.6

24.6

23.2

22.0

24.5

22.6

21.4

23.7

22.9

21.6

24.2

  Richest

   

22.4

20.8

24.0

22.2

20.7

23.7

20.7

19.5

21.9

19.9

18.8

21.0

20.3

19.1

21.5

 Place of residence

  Rural

68.9

67.2

70.6

69.8

68.1

71.6

63.7

62.0

65.4

65.5

64.1

66.9

66.0

64.7

67.4

66.4

65.0

67.8

  Urban

31.1

29.4

32.8

30.2

28.4

31.9

36.3

34.6

38.0

34.5

33.1

35.9

34.0

32.6

35.3

33.6

32.2

35.0

 Husband’s education

  None

12.0

10.8

13.2

7.5

6.6

8.4

5.7

5.0

6.5

4.3

3.6

5.0

2.5

2.1

2.9

1.4

1.1

1.8

  Primary

54.6

52.8

56.5

49.1

47.3

50.9

37.0

35.5

38.6

28.5

27.1

29.9

21.0

20.0

22.1

21.6

20.4

22.8

  Secondary

31.7

30.0

33.4

38.8

37.1

40.6

50.7

49.0

52.3

60.9

59.4

62.3

69.5

68.3

70.7

66.6

65.2

68.0

  Tertiary

1.6

1.2

2.1

4.5

3.7

5.3

6.6

5.7

7.5

6.3

5.7

7.0

7.0

6.3

7.7

10.3

9.4

11.2

 Husband’s occupation

  Not employed

2.4

1.8

2.9

2.1

1.5

2.6

11.7

10.7

12.8

6.8

5.9

7.8

13.9

13.0

14.8

15.5

14.4

16.5

  Skilled

28.4

26.7

30.1

33.5

31.8

35.2

32.2

30.6

33.8

35.3

33.9

36.7

32.2

30.9

33.4

39.4

38.0

40.9

  Semiskilled

23.8

22.2

25.4

23.2

21.7

24.8

25.6

24.1

27.1

21.0

19.8

22.1

16.3

15.3

17.3

26.0

24.7

27.4

  Agriculture

24.2

22.6

25.8

23.9

22.4

25.4

17.3

16.1

18.5

25.6

24.3

27.0

18.5

17.4

19.5

15.0

13.9

16.0

  Unskilled

21.3

19.8

22.8

17.3

15.9

18.6

13.2

12.1

14.3

11.3

10.4

12.2

19.1

18.1

20.2

4.1

3.5

4.7

 Husband’s desire for children

  Same

   

47.7

45.9

49.5

48.7

47.0

50.4

56.0

54.5

57.5

59.2

57.8

60.5

50.5

49.0

52.0

  More

   

27.5

25.9

29.1

35.2

33.6

36.8

35.6

34.1

37.1

31.8

30.6

33.1

32.4

31.0

33.8

  Less

   

24.8

23.3

26.4

16.1

14.8

17.3

8.4

7.6

9.2

9.0

8.2

9.8

17.1

16.0

18.2

 Community-level variables

  IMR

45

45

46

52

51

53

65

64

65

59

59

60

57

56

57

50

50

50

  CMR

70

69

70

76

75

77

102

101

102

82

82

83

84

84

85

69

68

69

  Community education F

29.0

28.3

29.7

40.4

39.5

41.2

50.9

50.1

51.7

60.7

59.9

61.5

67.7

67.2

68.3

70.5

69.8

71.1

  Community education M

33.1

32.3

33.9

43.4

42.7

44.1

57.2

56.4

58.0

67.1

66.4

67.8

76.5

76.0

76.9

77.1

76.4

77.7