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Journal of Population Sciences

Table 3 Multilevel logistic regression models of unmet need among women in Ghana

From: Spatio-temporal variations in unmet need for family planning in Ghana: 2003–2014

Variables

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Education level ref = no education)

OR(95% CI)

OR(95% CI)

OR(95% CI)

 Primary education

1.02(0.91, 1.14)

1.01(0.90, 1.14)

1.03(0.91, 1.15)

 Secondary/higher

0.80(0.72, 0.89)*

0.88(0.79, 0.99)*

0.92(0.81, 1.03)

Wealth status (ref = poor)

   

 Middle

0.95(0.85, 1.06)

0.99(0.89, 1.12)

0.98(0.87, 1.10)

 Rich

0.68(0.62, 0.76)*

0.79(0.69, 0.90)*

0.76(0.66, 0.87)*

 Marital status (ref = never married)

   

 Married/living together

1.55(1.35, 1.77)*

1.18(1.00, 1.41)*

1.14(0.96, 1.37)

 Widowed/divorced/separated

0.59(0.45, 0.78)*

0.45(0.34, 0.61)*

0.45(0.33, 0.61)*

Work status (ref = working)

   

 Not working

1.23(1.11, 1.37)*

1.22(1.09, 1.35)*

1.25(1.12, 1.39)*

Age (ref = 15–19)

   

 20–29

 

0.44(0.37, 0.52)*

0.45(0.38, 0.54)*

 30–39

 

0.31(0.25, 0.38)*

0.32(0.26, 0.40)*

 40–49

 

0.37(0.30, 0.47)*

0.39(0.31, 0.49)*

Religious affiliation (ref = Christianity)

   

 Islam

 

1.01(0.89, 1.14)

1.04(0.91, 1.18)

 Traditional

 

0.94(0.74, 1.18)

0.93(0.73, 1.18)

 Other

 

0.82(0.64, 1.04)

0.83(0.65, 1.06)

Ethnicity (ref = Akan)

   

 Ga-Dangme

 

1.30(1.09, 1.55)*

1.30(1.09, 1.55)*

 Ewe

 

1.18(1.01, 1.36)*

1.17(1.01, 1.36)*

 Mole-Dagbani

 

0.83(0.71, 0.96)*

0.85(0.73, 0.98)*

 Other

 

0.89(0.77, 1.03)

0.91(0.79, 1.06)

Parity (ref = 0)

   

 1–2

 

1.95(1.65, 2.30)*

1.99(1.68, 2.35)*

 3–4

 

2.68(2.23, 3.22)*

2.73(2.27, 3.30)*

 5+

 

3.87(3.16, 4.75)*

3.94(3.22, 4.84)*

Type of residence (ref = urban)

   

 Rural

 

0.94(0.84, 1.05)

0.91(0.81, 1.01)

Year (ref = 2003)

   

 2008

  

1.10(0.97, 1.20)

 2014

  

0.82(0.74, 0.90)*

Variance for region

0.05(0.02, 0.15)

0.014(0.01, 0.06)

0.02(0.01, 0.07)

 ICC

0.015

0.004

0.006

 WAIC

15737.10

15482.93

15448.81

 Log-likelihood

− 7923.04

− 7862.13

− 7856.64

  1. Note: OR = odds ratios, CI = confidence intervals, Ref = reference category, ICC = intraclass correlation coefficient, Significance= *<0.05