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Genus

Journal of Population Sciences

Table 2 Adjusted Odds Ratio (OR) for association between household characteristics and handwashing capacity in selected African countries

From: Risk assessment for COVID-19 transmission at household level in sub-Saharan Africa: evidence from DHS

Sub-region/country

Isolation capacity

Presence of older persons

Wealth indexa

Education: Household headb

Residence

Average

Rich

Primary

Secondary+

Urban vs. rural

Western Africa

 Benin

1.28 (1.13–1.45)

1.09 (0.94–1.28)

1.31 (1.06–1.62)

2.41 (1.87–3.11)

1.27 (1.07–1.50)

2.20 (1.87–2.59)

1.20 (0.93–1.53)

 Guinea

1.07 (0.94–1.22)

0.81 (0.71–0.93)

1.68 (1.40–2.03)

2.86 (2.12–3.83)

1.09 (0.88–1.34)

1.49 (1.27–1.75)

1.48 (1.04–2.10)

 Mali

1.23 (1.09–1.39)

1.04 (0.90–1.20)

1.76 (1.45–2.14)

6.59 (5.05–8.60)

1.15 (0.96–1.38)

1.82 (1.56–2.12)

1.07 (0.75–1.52)

 Nigeria

1.05 (0.99–1.13)

1.12 (1.03–1.22)

1.93 (1.68–2.21)

4.80 (4.06–5.66)

1.26 (1.13–1.41)

1.75 (1.57–1.94)

2.01 (1.49–2.71)

 Senegal

1.22 (1.06–1.41)

1.17 (1.01–1.36)

1.43 (1.10–1.86)

3.87 (2.80–5.35)

1.51 (1.25–1.82)

2.81 (2.32–3.40)

1.57 (1.18–2.09)

Middle Africa

 Angola

1.37 (1.26–1.49)

0.94 (0.84–1.07)

1.72 (1.47–2.02)

3.60 (2.90–4.47)

1.22 (1.09–1.39)

1.38 (1.21–1.68)

1.35 (1.09–1.68)

 Chad

1.22 (1.03–1.45)

0.86 (0.68–1.09)

1.77 (1.31–2.40)

3.08 (2.21–4.30)

1.45 (1.13–1.86)

2.41 (1.92–3.04)

2.06 (1.43–2.98)

Eastern Africa

 Burundi

1.08 (0.93–1.25)

1.12 (0.91–1.37)

1.28 (1.00–1.63)

2.85 (2.17–3.73)

1.27 (1.05–1.52)

2.83 (2.27–3.53)

2.11 (1.47–3.03)

 Ethiopia

1.19 (1.07–1.34)

1.10 (0.96–1.27)

1.96 (1.56–2.47)

3.35 (2.54–4.43)

1.44 (1.24–1.67)

2.45 (2.09–2.89)

2.29 (1.69–3.10)

 Tanzania

0.96 (0.89–1.05)

0.90 (0.81–0.99)

1.53 (1.37–1.71)

2.75 (2.36–3.20)

1.17 (1.05–1.31)

1.71 (1.47–1.99)

1.21 (1.05–1.39)

 Uganda

1.09 (1.00–1.17)

1.01 (0.91–1.13)

1.33 (1.18–1.51)

2.19 (1.90–2.52)

1.20 (1.07–1.36)

1.57 (1.37–1.79)

1.42 (1.17–1.73)

 Rwanda

1.37 (1.14–1.67)

1.12 (0.87–1.43)

1.52 (1.15–2.01)

3.63 (2.61–5.07)

1.13 (0.88–1.45)

2.65 (1.94–3.61)

2.20 (1.19–4.07)

Southern Africa

 Malawi

1.23 (1.13–1.34)

0.93 (0.83–1.04)

1.44 (1.27–1.63)

2.60 (2.26–2.99)

1.20 (1.04–1.39)

1.86 (1.58–2.18)

1.06 (0.87–1.29)

 South Africa

1.27 (1.13–1.43)

1.44 (1.28–1.62)

1.68 (1.46–1.94)

7.67 (6.42–9.17)

1.27 (1.07–1.50)

1.66 (1.42–1.96)

1.53 (1.24–1.87)

 Zambia

1.10 (0.99–1.22)

1.19 (1.05–1.36)

1.27 (1.07–1.50)

2.82 (2.23–3.56)

1.33 (1.10–1.62)

1.75 (1.43–2.14)

1.33 (1.03–1.70)

 Zimbabwe

1.38 (1.26–1.51)

1.05 (0.93–1.18)

1.27 (1.12–1.45)

3.02 (2.44–3.73)

1.18 (0.98–1.42)

1.50 (1.23–1.82)

1.16 (0.93–1.44)

  1. aReference category was “poor”
  2. bReference category-none
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