Journal of Population Sciences
 | 2003 | 2008 | 2014 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
UF vs OF | AF vs OF | UF vs OF | AF vs OF | UF vs OF | AF vs OF | |
RRR (S.E) | RRR (S.E) | RRR (S.E) | RRR (S.E) | RRR (S.E) | RRR (S.E) | |
Survival status (ref = All children survived) | ||||||
 Infant deaths | 0.50 (0.19) | 0.31 (0.14)* | 0.55 (0.23) | 0.19 (0.10)** | 0.58 (0.17) | 0.47 (0.15)* |
 Child deaths | 0.19 (0.91)** | 0.38 (0.17)* | 0.98 (0.49) | 0.52 (0.29) | 0.75 (0.26) | 0.83 (0.31) |
 Infant and child deaths | 0.16 (0.11)** | 0.41 (0.25) | 0.74 (0.44) | 0.49 (0.31) | 0.16 (0.11)** | 0.66 (0.31) |
Type of place of residence (ref = Urban) | ||||||
 Rural | 1.01 (0.39) | 0.37 (0.15)* | 1.13 (0.44) | 1.45 (0.59) | 0.60 (0.16) | 0.74 (0.21) |
Education (in completed years) | 1.05 (0.04) | 1.01 (0.04) | 1.00 (0.045) | 1.01 (0.05) | 1.05 (0.04) | 1.05 (0.04) |
Ethnicity (ref = Akan) | ||||||
 Ga-Dangbe/Ewe | 0.89 (0.38) | 0.96 (0.41) | 1.12 (0.53) | 0.89 (0.45) | 1.06 (0.37) | 0.95 (0.33) |
 Mole-Dagbani | 3.33 (1.78)* | 3.61 (1.97)* | 3.74 (2.24)* | 5.47 (1.58)** | 1.52 (0.62) | 0.64 (0.27) |
 Other | 2.02 (1.09) | 2.36 (1.28) | 2.64 (1.57) | 2.49 (1.65) | 3.10 (1.29)** | 1.07 (0.47) |
Religion (ref = Catholic) | ||||||
 Other Christian | 1.40 (0.65) | 1.08 (0.52) | 0.71 (0.36) | 1.49 (0.82) | 0.90 (0.32) | 0.86 (0.32) |
 Islam | 1.01 (0.62) | 0.47 (0.29) | 1.08 (0.67) | 0.94 (0.69) | 1.39 (0.58) | 0.89 (0.42) |
 Other | 1.34 (0.80) | 1.12 (0.66) | 1.08 (0.66) | 0.99 (0.69) | 0.86 (0.46) | 1.04 (0.56) |
Age at first birth (ref ≤ 18 years) | ||||||
 18–20 years | 0.93 (0.41) | 1.33 (0.61) | 0.40 (0.17)* | 0.86 (0.39) | 1.66 (0.52) | 1.47 (0.48) |
 21 years +  | 2.54 (1.11)* | 3.35 (1.53)** | 1.14 (0.46) | 1.24 (0.58) | 1.79 (0.54) | 1.43 (0.46) |
Number of marital union (ref = Once) | ||||||
 More than once | 0.93 (0.31) | 0.62 (0.22) | 0.96 (0.36) | 0.62 (0.26) | 1.23 (0.32) | 0.64 (0.18) |
Ever use of modern contraceptives (ref = No) | ||||||
 Yes | 0.58 (0.19) | 0.48 (0.17)* | 0.69 (0.25) | 1.08 (0.41) | 0.68 (0.16) | 0.68 (0.17) |
Partner’s education (in completed years) | 0.97 (0.03) | 0.97 (0.03) | 1.00 (0.05) | 1.04 (0.05) | 0.98 (0.03) | 0.94 (0.03) |
Couple’s fertility preference (ref = Both want same) | ||||||
 Partner wants more | 0.79 (0.31) | 0.88 (0.35) | 0.64 (0.290 | 0.39 (0.19) | 0.51 (0.15)* | 0.42 (0.13)** |
 Partner wants fewer | 1.82 (1.25) | 2.45 (1.69)* | 5.44 (2.05)* | 1.44 (1.22) | 4.56 (2.37)** | 1.03 (0.64) |
 Don’t know | 0.95 (0.42) | 1.18 (0.52) | 0.79 (0.32) | 0.32 (0.15)** | 0.96 (0.29) | 0.69 (0.23) |
 Sample size | 304 | 252 | 474 | |||
 Log likelihood | − 274.17 | − 230.81 | − 469.66 | |||
 Prob > Chi2 | 0.0004 | 0.0067 | 0.0000 |