Journal of Population Sciences
Table 3 Logistic regression models estimating the Average Marginal Effects (AMEs) of daily contacts with grandchild among all grandparents by year
From: A change is (not) gonna come: a 20-year overview of Italian grandparent–grandchild exchanges
Variables | Face to face contacts—Logit AMEs (SE) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Daily vs less often | χ2 ϕορ Η0: β98 = β16 | ||||
1998 | 2003 | 2009 | 2016 | p | |
Women | 0.012 | 0.008 | 0.010 | − 0.000 | n.s |
(0.011) | (0.010) | (0.010) | (0.013) | ||
Age class < 49 (ref. 50–59) | − 0.005 | − 0.029 | 0.009 | − 0.080 | n.s |
(0.027) | (0.030) | (0.034) | (0.056) | ||
Age class 60–74 (ref. 50–59) | − 0.071*** | − 0.064*** | − 0.041*** | − 0.047** | n.s |
(0.012) | (0.013) | (0.015) | (0.021) | ||
Age class 75 + (ref. 50–59) | − 0.166*** | − 0.148*** | − 0.173*** | − 0.150*** | n.s |
(0.016) | (0.016) | (0.017) | (0.024) | ||
Widow (ref. Married) | − 0.066*** | − 0.051*** | − 0.042*** | − 0.033* | n.s |
(0.012) | (0.011) | (0.012) | (0.015) | ||
Divorced/separated/Never married (ref. Married) | − 0.104** | − 0.069*** | − 0.128*** | − 0.137*** | n.s |
(0.028) | (0.025) | (0.021) | (0.023) | ||
Macro Region of residence: Centre (ref. North) | 0.016 | − 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.023 | n.s |
(0.011) | (0.011) | (0.012) | (0.016) | ||
Macro Region of residence: South (ref. North) | 0.037*** | 0.029*** | 0.035*** | 0.052*** | n.s |
(0.010) | (0.010) | (0.010) | (0.013) | ||
High school diploma | − 0.059*** | − 0.030** | − 0.014 | − 0.002 | *** |
(0.016) | (0.015) | (0.014) | (0.014) | ||
Working status: Working (ref. Retired) | − 0.002 | − 0.016 | − 0.021 | 0.010 | n.s |
(0.019) | (0.019) | (0.019) | (0.025) | ||
Working status: Other (ref. Retired) | 0.022* | − 0.001 | 0.014 | 0.031** | n.s |
(0.012) | (0.013) | (0.012) | (0.017) | ||
Own income | 0.016 | 0.024 | 0.021 | 0.003 | n.s |
(0.016) | (0.017) | (0.016) | (0.022) | ||
Chronic conditions | − 0.048*** | − 0.035*** | − 0.016 | − 0.049*** | n.s |
(0.012) | (0.012) | (0.012) | (0.017) | ||
Number of grandchildren | − 0.010*** | − 0.013*** | − 0.009*** | − 0.013*** | n.s |
(0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.003) | ||
Living proximity with grandchildren: < 1 km (ref. > 16 km) | 0.684*** | 0.639*** | 0.651*** | 0.614*** | n.s |
(0.008) | (0.008) | (0.008) | (0.010) | ||
between 1 to 16 km (ref. > 16 km) | 0.280*** | 0.286*** | 0.278*** | 0.286*** | ** |
(0.009) | (0.009) | (0.008) | (0.011) | ||
Observations | 9103 | 9921 | 9318 | 5634 | |