Journal of Population Sciences
Table 4 Multinomial logistic regression models estimating the Average Marginal Effects (AMEs) of grandchild caregiving among all grandparents by year
From: A change is (not) gonna come: a 20-year overview of Italian grandparent–grandchild exchanges
Variables | Caregiving—Mlogit AMEs (SE) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Caregiving (holidays) | Caregiving (Parents work) | Caregiving (holidays) | Caregiving (Parents work) | Caregiving (holidays) | Caregiving (Parents work) | Caregiving (holidays) | Caregiving (Parents work) | χ2 ϕορ Η0: β98 = β16 | χ2 ϕορ Η0: β98 = β16 | |
Caregiving (holidays) | Caregiving (Parents work) | |||||||||
1998 | 1998 | 2003 | 2003 | 2009 | 2009 | 2016 | 2016 | P | P | |
Women | 0.008 | 0.048*** | − 0.002 | 0.037* | 0.001 | 0.036* | − 0.010 | 0.067*** | n.s | n.s |
(0.010) | (0.016) | (0.009) | (0.015) | (0.011) | (0.016) | (0.012) | (0.020) | |||
Age class < 49 (ref. 50–59) | − 0.008 | 0.042 | − 0.035* | − 0.051 | − 0.009 | − 0.055 | − 0.013 | − 0.119 | n.s | n.s |
(0.016) | (0.034) | (0.018) | (0.039) | (0.026) | (0.044) | (0.032) | (0.066) | |||
Age class 60–74 (ref. 50–59) | 0.021** | − 0.009 | 0.022** | − 0.027 | − 0.002 | 0.029 | 0.010 | 0.018 | n.s | n.s |
(0.010) | (0.016) | (0.010) | (0.017) | (0.012) | (0.019) | (0.015) | (0.027) | |||
Age class 75 + (ref. 50–59) | 0.037* | − 0.099*** | 0.024 | − 0.115** | 0.030* | − 0.087*** | 0.021 | − 0.028 | n.s | n.s |
(0.019) | (0.026) | (0.016) | (0.025) | (0.018) | (0.025) | (0.021) | (0.037) | |||
Widow (ref. Married) | − 0.030** | − 0.052*** | − 0.025** | − 0.044* | − 0.004 | − 0.067*** | 0.015 | − 0.064* | * | n.s |
(0.011) | (0.020) | (0.011) | (0.019) | (0.013) | (0.020) | (0.019) | (0.028) | |||
Divorced/separated/Never married (ref. Married) | − 0.043* | − 0.081* | 0.043** | − 0.056 | − 0.027 | − 0.010 | 0.021 | − 0.025 | * | n.s |
(0.021) | (0.041) | (0.024) | (0.035) | (0.017) | (0.032) | (0.019) | (0.037) | |||
Macro Region of residence: Centre (ref. North) | − 0.012 | − 0.085*** | − 0.008 | − 0.002 | − 0.002 | 0.013 | 0.051*** | − 0.048* | *** | n.s |
(0.010) | (0.017) | (0.009) | (0.017) | (0.011) | (0.019) | (0.015) | (0.025) | |||
Macro Region of residence: South (ref. North) | 0.043 | − 0.141*** | 0.064*** | − 0.137*** | 0.039*** | − 0.140*** | 0.047*** | − 0.178*** | n.s | n.s |
(0.009) | (0.015) | (0.009) | (0.014) | (0.010) | (0.015) | (0.011) | (0.020) | |||
High school diploma | − 0.009 | − 0.059* | 0.003 | − 0.013 | 0.012 | 0.027 | 0.028* | 0.015 | *** | *** |
(0.014) | (0.022) | (0.011) | (0.018) | (0.011) | (0.018) | (0.011) | (0.019) | |||
Working status: Working (ref. Retired) | 0.032* | − 0.074*** | 0.028 | − 0.139*** | − 0.010 | − 0.046* | 0.028 | − 0.000 | n.s | n.s |
(0.018) | (0.026) | (0.017) | (0.025) | (0.019) | (0.026) | (0.023) | (0.037) | |||
Working status: Other (ref. Retired) | 0.011 | 0.017 | − 0.003 | − 0.021 | − 0.033* | 0.080*** | − 0.021 | 0.171*** | n.s | *** |
(0.013) | (0.021) | (0.013) | (0.020) | (0.014) | (0.021) | (0.018) | (0.031) | |||
Own income | − 0.003 | 0.044** | 0.008 | 0.049* | 0.019 | − 0.016 | 0.022 | − 0.103*** | n.s | *** |
(0.015) | (0.024) | (0.015) | (0.025) | (0.015) | (0.024) | (0.022) | (0.037) | |||
Chronic conditions | 0.006 | − 0.020 | 0.019 | − 0.025 | − 0.014 | 0.015 | 0.052* | − 0.038 | n.s | n.s |
(0.014) | (0.022) | (0.013) | (0.023) | (0.016) | (0.023) | (0.020) | (0.039) | |||
Number of grandchildren | − 0.001 | − 0.013*** | 0.002 | − 0.012*** | 0.006*** | − 0.014*** | 0.002 | − 0.009* | n.s | n.s |
(0.001) | (0.003) | (0.001) | (0.003) | (0.002) | (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.005) | |||
Living proximity with grandchildren: < 1 km (ref. > 16 km) | − 0.421*** | 0.333*** | − 0.376*** | 0.334*** | − 0.305*** | 0.317*** | − 0.362*** | 0.350*** | n.s | n.s |
(0.021) | (0.016) | (0.019) | (0.016) | (0.019) | (0.017) | (0.023) | (0.022) | |||
between 1 to 16 km (ref. > 16 km) | − 0.381*** | 0.218*** | − 0.343*** | 0.254*** | − 0.273*** | 0.212*** | − 0.356*** | 0.310*** | n.s | n.s |
(0.021) | (0.017) | (0.019) | (0.017) | (0.020) | (0.017) | (0.023) | (0.022) | |||
Observations | 5230 | 5230 | 5516 | 5516 | 5031 | 5031 | 2754 | 2754 | ||