Journal of Population Sciences
Table 5 Visual summary of main results (RQ1 and RQ2)
From: A change is (not) gonna come: a 20-year overview of Italian grandparent–grandchild exchanges
Variables | Change in the structure (1998 vs 2016) | Change in the association (1998 vs 2016) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coresidence with at least 1 grandchild | Contacts with at least 1 grandchild | Grandchild caregiving | |||
Yes | Daily | Holidays | Parents work | ||
Coresidence with at least 1 grandchild | |||||
Contacts with at least 1 grandchild | *** | ||||
Grandchild caregiving | |||||
Never | *** | ||||
Parents work | *** | ||||
Occasional | *** | ||||
Holidays | |||||
Women | |||||
Age class | |||||
< 49 | |||||
50–59 (ref.) | *** | ||||
60–74 | *** | ⇓ *** | |||
75 + | *** | ⇓ *** | |||
Education | |||||
High school diploma | *** | ⇑ *** | ⇓ *** | ⇑ *** | |
Marital status | |||||
Married (ref.) | *** | ||||
Widow | *** | ⇓ *** | ⇓ * | ||
Divorced/separated/Never married | *** | ⇓ ** | ⇑ * | ||
Number of grandchildren (Mean; SD) | *** | ⇓ *** | |||
Macro-region of residence | |||||
North (ref.) | |||||
Centre | *** | ⇓ *** | |||
South | ** | ||||
Working status | |||||
At work | * | ||||
Other | *** | ⇑ *** | |||
Retired (ref.) | *** | ||||
Own income | ⇑ *** | ||||
Yes | |||||
Chronic disease | *** | ||||
Living proximity | |||||
< 1 KM (included coresidence) | *** | ||||
Between 1 to 16 KM | *** | ⇓ ** | |||
> 16 KM (ref.) | *** | ||||