Journal of Population Sciences
Table 2 Descriptive statistics of the study sample at baseline. Source: Authors’ analysis of the Harmonised SHARE Waves 4–5
Variables | Total sample | Non-carers | Previous or less intensive carers | New or more intensive carers | Repeated carers | F or χ2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 14,831 | N = 6,298 | N = 2,399 | N = 2,125 | N = 4,009 | ||
M (SD) or % | M (SD) or % | M (SD) or % | M (SD) or % | M (SD) or % | ||
Outcome (baseline) | ||||||
Number of depressive symptoms | 2.6 (2.3) | 3.0 (2.4) | 2.6 (2.3) | 2.4 (2.2) | 2.2 (2.0) | 113*** |
Explanatory | ||||||
Caring status between 2012 and 2014 | ||||||
Non-carers | 42.5 | |||||
Previous or less intensive carers | 16.2 | |||||
New or more intensive carers | 14.3 | |||||
Repeated carers | 27.0 | |||||
Factors (baseline) | ||||||
GDP (log) | 10.4 (0.4) | 10.4 (0.4) | 10.4 (0.4) | 10.3 (0.4) | 10.5 (0.4) | 65*** |
Control (baseline) | ||||||
Age (centred at 60) | 9.8 (9.3) | 15.4 (9.0) | 8.9 (8.2) | 6.7 (8.2) | 5.6 (6.9) | 1385*** |
Gender (female) | 64.0 | 65.4 | 66.1 | 64.0 | 66.5 | 4 |
Educational attainment | 518*** | |||||
Less than lower secondary | 44.0 | 54.6 | 43.1 | 37.7 | 33.9 | |
Upper secondary and vocational training | 37.3 | 32.1 | 37.9 | 40.7 | 42.0 | |
Tertiary | 18.7 | 13.3 | 19.0 | 21.6 | 24.1 | |
Currently married or partnered | 62.0 | 43.6 | 62.3 | 65.4 | 70.1 | 828*** |
Current employed or self-employed | 23.8 | 12.3 | 23.5 | 32.6 | 31.1 | 668*** |
Annual household income (log) | 9.2 (1.2) | 9.0 (1.2) | 9.2 (1.4) | 9.1 (1.1) | 9.4 (1.2) | 14*** |
Number of grandchildren | 3.9 (2.8) | 4.1 (3.0) | 4.1 (2.8) | 3.9 (2.7) | 3.9 (2.5) | 10*** |
Whether living with children | 12.5 | 12.1 | 12.8 | 13.4 | 12.2 | 3 |
Self-reported health (1–5, excellent to poor) | 3.3 (1.0) | 3.6 (1.0) | 3.3 (1.1) | 3.2 (1.0) | 3.0 (1.0) | 311*** |
ADL functional status (0–6, excellent to poor) | 0.3 (0.8) | 0.5 (1.1) | 0.2 (0.7) | 0.2 (0.6) | 0.1 (0.4) | 215*** |
IADL functional status (0–5, excellent to poor) | 0.2 (0.8) | 0.5 (1.1) | 0.1 (0.6) | 0.1 (0.5) | 0.04 (0.3) | 297*** |
Country | 467*** | |||||
Estonia | 100 | 51.8 | 14.8 | 16.1 | 17.3 | |
Spain | 100 | 50.5 | 19.4 | 12.4 | 17.7 | |
Austria | 100 | 48.3 | 12.9 | 13.9 | 24.9 | |
Slovenia | 100 | 45.6 | 17.4 | 13.4 | 23.6 | |
Germany | 100 | 44.1 | 14.4 | 14.3 | 27.2 | |
Czech Republic | 100 | 40.3 | 17.7 | 18.1 | 23.9 | |
France | 100 | 40.3 | 15.4 | 12.6 | 31.7 | |
Italy | 100 | 38.9 | 17.0 | 16.0 | 28.1 | |
Switzerland | 100 | 38.4 | 18.0 | 12.4 | 31.2 | |
Belgium | 100 | 36.9 | 15.3 | 11.6 | 36.2 | |
Sweden | 100 | 36.2 | 19.5 | 13.9 | 30.4 | |
Denmark | 100 | 35.3 | 13.4 | 14.2 | 37.1 | |
Netherlands | 100 | 30.6 | 17.9 | 14.1 | 37.4 | |