Table 3 Multi-level estimates of grandchild caring patterns on the depressive symptoms of grandparents, 2012–2018. Source: Authors’ analysis of the Harmonised SHARE Waves 4–7

Fixed part

 β₀

Intercept

2.61***

0.16

1.54

2.16

1.04

1.70

2.69**

2.54

2.49

1.48*

1.75

3.75***

2.57

 β₁

Previous or less intensive carers (ref: non-carers)

–

–

− 0.07**

0.03

− 0.08*

0.04

− 0.06

0.04

− 2.59***

− 1.09**

0.05

− 2.76***

0.85

 β₂

New or more intensive carers (ref: non-carers)

–

–

− 0.03

0.03

− 0.04

0.05

− 0.03

0.04

− 1.34*

− 0.98***

0.44

− 1.42***

1.01

 β₃

Repeated carers (ref: non-carers)

–

–

− 0.11

0.03

− 0.12**

0.04

− 0.10*

0.04

− 0.74

− 0.69***

0.42

− 1.46***

0.87

 β₄

Age (centred at 60)

–

–

− 0.02***

0.00

− 0.03***

0.01

− 0.02***

0.01

− 0.02**

− 0.03***

0.01

− 0.02***

0.01

 β₅

Age squared

0.001***

0.00

0.001***

0.00

0.001*

0.00

0.001***

0.001***

0.00

0.001***

0.00

 β₆

Gender (ref: male)

–

–

0.69***

0.03

–

–

–

–

0.69***

–

–

–

–

 β₇

Marital status (ref: not married)

–

–

− 0.21***

0.03

− 0.30***

0.04

− 0.18***

0.03

− 0.21***

− 0.32***

0.04

− 0.18***

0.03

 β₈

Education attainment: Upper secondary (ref: less than lower secondary)

–

–

− 0.19***

0.03

− 0.12**

0.04

− 0.23**

0.04

− 0.19***

− 0.12**

0.01

− 0.23***

0.04

 β₉

Education attainment: Tertiary (ref: less than lower secondary)

–

–

− 0.20***

0.04

− 0.14**

0.05

− 0.25**

0.05

− 0.20***

− 0.14**

0.01

− 0.25***

0.05

 β₁₀

Currently working (ref: not working)

–

–

− 0.07*

0.03

− 0.04

0.05

− 0.10

0.04

− 0.07*

− 0.07

0.05

− 0.10*

0.04

 β₁₁

Number of grandchildren

–

–

0.01**

0.00

0.02**

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01*

0.02***

0.01

0.01

0.01

 β₁₂

Co-residing with children (ref: no)

–

–

0.01

0.03

0.06

0.05

− 0.01

0.04

0.01

0.03

0.05

− 0.02

0.04

 β₁₃

Self-rated health

–

–

0.70***

0.01

0.62***

0.02

0.75***

0.02

0.70***

0.63***

0.02

0.75***

0.02

 β₁₄

ADL functional status

–

–

0.26***

0.02

0.28***

0.03

0.24***

0.02

0.26***

0.29***

0.03

0.24***

0.02

 β₁₅

IADL functional status

–

–

0.18***

0.02

0.17***

0.03

0.18***

0.02

0.17***

0.16***

0.03

0.18***

0.02

 β₁₆

Household income

–

–

− 0.06**

0.02

− 0.10***

0.03

− 0.09***

0.03

− 0.06**

− 0.10***

0.03

− 0.09**

0.03

 β₁₇

GDP

–

–

− 0.14*

0.08

− 0.70**

0.28

− 0.20*

0.11

− 0.23*

− 0.15*

0.08

− 0.30**

0.24

 β₁₈

GDP X Previous or less intensive carers

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

0.24***

0.13**

0.05

0.26***

0.04

 β₁₉

GDP X New or more intensive carers

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

0.11**

0.12*

0.06

0.14*

0.05

 β₂₀

GDP X Repeated carers

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

0.12*

0.08

0.05

0.13*

0.05

Random part

\({\sigma }_{\mathrm{v}0}^{2}\)

Country variance

0.37

0.14

0.10

0.04

0.06

0.03

0.13

0.05

0.10

0.06

0.03

0.13

0.06

\({\sigma }_{\upmu }^{2}\)

Individual variance

2.46

0.03

1.56

0.03

1.27

0.05

1.74

0.05

1.56

1.26

0.05

1.74

0.04

\({\sigma }_{e}^{2}\)

Residual variance

2.56

0.02

2.25

0.03

1.97

0.04

2.44

0.04

2.25

1.97

0.04

2.44

0.03

Intraclass Coefficient (ICC)

 Country

6.9%

2.4%

1.8%

3.1%

43.5%

2.5%

1.8%

3.1%

 Individual

52.5%

42.5%

40.2%

42.4%

40.1%

43.4%

 AIC

282,393

165,796

59,410

106,067

165,799

59,419

106,074

 BIC

282,430

165,968

59,555

106,221

165,997

59,587

106,253

 Number of countries

13

13

13

13

13

13

13

 Number of respondents

24,656

24,656

9,524

15,132

24,656

9,524

15,132

 Number of observations

66,504

66,504

25,102

41,402

66,504

25,102

41,402