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Journal of Population Sciences

Table 3 Employment status and transition to motherhood over time. Cox models, HRs are reported with standard errors in brackets

From: Female employment and first childbirth in Italy: what news?

 

Italy (whole country)

Northern/Central Italy

Southern Italy

HR (std. error)

HR (std. error)

HR (std. error)

Parental education (ref. primary)

 Lower secondary

0.879 (0.029)

***

0.898 (0.038)

**

0.851 (0.047)

***

 Upper secondary / tertiary

0.803 (0.032)

***

0.827 (0.041)

***

0.754 (0.054)

***

Area of resid. (ref. North/Centre)

      

 South

1.032 (0.029)

     

Place of birth (ref. Italy)

      

 Foreign country

1.343 (0.053)

***

1.475 (0.068)

***

1.072 (0.082)

 

Ever migrated (ref. no)

      

 Yes

0.858 (0.080)

*

0.955 (0.118)

 

0.761 (0.108)

*

Education (ref. upper secondary)

      

 Still studying

0.327 (0.017)

***

0.313 (0.022)

***

0.355 (0.029)

***

 Up to lower secondary

1.238 (0.039)

***

1.250 (0.051)

***

1.229 (0.062)

***

 Tertiary

1.019 (0.044)

 

0.955 (0.049)

 

1.140 (0.086)

*

Employed (ref. not employed)

0.833 (0.052)

***

0.835 (0.066)

**

0.865 (0.101)

 

Calendar time (ref. before 1980)

 1980–1989

0.598 (0.033)

***

0.508 (0.042)

***

0.698 (0.052)

***

 1990–1999

0.401 (0.023)

***

0.365 (0.031)

***

0.454 (0.037)

***

 2000–2009

0.397 (0.025)

***

0.393 (0.036)

***

0.428 (0.037)

***

 2010–2016

0.343 (0.028)

***

0.364 (0.044)

***

0.360 (0.040)

***

Employed * 1980–89

1.101 (0.089)

 

1.180 (0.109)

*

1.141 (0.169)

 

Employed * 1990–99

1.201 (0.098)

**

1.186 (0.125)

*

1.238 (0.184)

 

Employed * 2000–09

1.319 (0.108)

***

1.268 (0.136)

**

1.637 (0.304)

 

Employed * 2010–16

1.501 (0.153)

***

1.322 (0.184)

**

1.481 (0.253)

**

  1. Source: Author’s elaboration on FSS 2016 data
  2. *p < 0.10; **p < 0.05; ***p < 0.01. Sample sizes are the same as in Table 1.