Journal of Population Sciences
Table 8 Employment status and transition to motherhood with control for time-varying union status. Cox models, HRs are reported with standard errors in brackets
From: Female employment and first childbirth in Italy: what news?
Italy (whole country) | Northern/Central Italy | Southern Italy | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HR (std. error) | HR (std. error) | HR (std. error) | ||||
Calendar time (ref. before 1980) | ||||||
1980–1989 | 0.645 (0.027) | *** | 0.582 (0.032) | *** | 0.726 (0.048) | *** |
1990–1999 | 0.561 (0.025) | *** | 0.501 (0.029) | *** | 0.636 (0.045) | *** |
2000–2009 | 0.588 (0.028) | *** | 0.540 (0.033) | *** | 0.608 (0.047) | *** |
2010–2016 | 0.591 (0.034) | *** | 0.538 (0.039) | *** | 0.617 (0.057) | *** |
Parental education (ref. primary) | ||||||
Lower secondary | 0.838 (0.028) | *** | 0.856 (0.037) | *** | 0.847 (0.046) | *** |
Upper secondary/tertiary | 0.767 (0.031) | *** | 0.794 (0.040) | *** | 0.782 (0.056) | *** |
Area of resid. (ref. North/Centre) | ||||||
South | 1.029 (0.031) | |||||
Place of birth (ref. Italy) | ||||||
Foreign country | 1.087 (0.043) | ** | 1.300 (0.061) | *** | 0.827 (0.064) | ** |
Ever migrated (ref. no) | ||||||
Yes | 0.955 (0.079) | 1.124 (0.139) | 0.679 (0.096) | ** | ||
Education (ref. upper secondary) | ||||||
Still studying | 0.440 (0.024) | *** | 0.426 (0.031) | *** | 0.476 (0.041) | *** |
Up to lower secondary | 0.994 (0.032) | 1.020 (0.042) | 0.883 (0.046) | ** | ||
Tertiary | 1.098 (0.047) | ** | 1.056 (0.055) | 1.084 (0.082) | * | |
Union status (ref. not in union) | ||||||
In union | 13.894 (0.475) | *** | 10.800 (0.472) | *** | 21.075 (1.151) | *** |
Employment (ref. not employed) | ||||||
Employed | 0.889 (0.028) | ** | 0.998 (0.047) | 0.968 (0.046) | ||