|
India
|
North
|
Central
|
East
|
---|
HR
| |
95% CI
|
HR
| |
95% CI
|
HR
| |
95% CI
|
HR
| |
95% CI
|
---|
Maternal characteristics
|
Age at first birth (in years)
|
Less than 18
|
1.08
|
**
|
1.02
|
1.14
|
1.13
| |
0.94
|
1.35
|
1.06
|
**
|
1.01
|
1.11
|
1.03
| |
0.88
|
1.20
|
19 to 24
|
0.98
| |
0.92
|
1.05
|
1.14
| |
0.97
|
1.33
|
0.94
| |
0.84
|
1.05
|
0.96
| |
0.83
|
1.11
|
25 to 29 ®
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
30 and above
|
1.09
| |
0.95
|
1.24
|
1.33
| |
0.98
|
1.82
|
1.07
| |
0.82
|
1.38
|
1.24
| |
0.92
|
1.66
|
Level of schooling
|
No schooling ®
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Primary
|
1.02
| |
0.96
|
1.08
|
1.03
| |
0.89
|
1.19
|
0.98
| |
0.90
|
1.07
|
1.07
| |
0.95
|
1.21
|
Secondary
|
0.90
|
**
|
0.85
|
0.94
|
0.85
|
*
|
0.75
|
0.98
|
0.92
| |
0.85
|
1.01
|
0.89
|
*
|
0.80
|
0.98
|
Higher
|
0.70
|
**
|
0.63
|
0.78
|
0.74
|
*
|
0.59
|
0.93
|
0.78
|
**
|
0.66
|
0.92
|
0.64
|
**
|
0.47
|
0.86
|
Marital status
|
Currently married ®
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Not currently married
|
1.16
|
*
|
1.01
|
1.34
|
1.04
| |
0.66
|
1.64
|
1.07
| |
0.81
|
1.40
|
0.99
| |
0.70
|
1.40
|
Wealth index
|
Poorest ®
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Poorer
|
0.97
| |
0.92
|
1.02
|
0.95
| |
0.81
|
1.11
|
0.99
| |
0.92
|
1.08
|
0.83
|
**
|
0.74
|
0.92
|
Middle
|
0.89
|
**
|
0.84
|
0.95
|
0.89
| |
0.75
|
1.05
|
0.93
| |
0.84
|
1.02
|
0.84
|
*
|
0.73
|
0.98
|
Richer
|
0.79
|
**
|
0.73
|
0.86
|
0.83
|
*
|
0.69
|
0.99
|
0.84
|
**
|
0.74
|
0.94
|
0.78
|
*
|
0.63
|
0.96
|
Richest
|
0.60
|
**
|
0.55
|
0.67
|
0.61
|
**
|
0.49
|
0.75
|
0.59
|
**
|
0.50
|
0.69
|
0.51
|
**
|
0.35
|
0.76
|
Religion
|
Hindu ®
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Muslim
|
1.01
| |
0.96
|
1.08
|
1.28
|
**
|
1.10
|
1.47
|
0.97
| |
0.88
|
1.07
|
0.86
|
*
|
0.76
|
0.98
|
Christian
|
0.87
| |
0.77
|
1.01
|
1.84
| |
0.76
|
4.44
|
0.77
| |
0.38
|
1.55
|
0.92
| |
0.69
|
1.24
|
Others
|
0.87
| |
0.76
|
1.01
|
1.02
| |
0.83
|
1.25
|
0.89
| |
0.44
|
1.79
|
0.99
| |
0.76
|
1.30
|
Caste
|
Scheduled Caste ®
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Scheduled Tribe
|
0.95
| |
0.89
|
1.02
|
0.87
| |
0.73
|
1.03
|
0.99
| |
0.89
|
1.11
|
0.94
| |
0.82
|
1.08
|
Others
|
0.93
|
**
|
0.88
|
0.98
|
0.89
| |
0.79
|
1.01
|
0.98
| |
0.91
|
1.06
|
0.91
| |
0.82
|
1.01
|
Child characteristics
|
Sex
|
Male ®
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Female
|
0.86
|
**
|
0.83
|
0.89
|
0.94
| |
0.85
|
1.03
|
0.90
|
**
|
0.85
|
0.96
|
0.83
|
**
|
0.76
|
0.90
|
Type of birth
|
Singleton birth ®
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Multiple birth
|
4.26
|
**
|
3.93
|
4.62
|
4.48
|
**
|
3.64
|
5.51
|
4.83
|
**
|
4.27
|
5.46
|
4.28
|
**
|
3.62
|
5.04
|
Birth order
|
1 ®
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2
|
1.12
| |
0.93
|
1.34
|
1.12
| |
0.75
|
1.68
|
1.00
| |
0.73
|
1.36
|
1.13
| |
0.76
|
1.66
|
3 to 4
|
1.09
| |
0.90
|
1.31
|
1.09
| |
0.71
|
1.68
|
0.97
| |
0.70
|
1.35
|
1.09
| |
0.72
|
1.65
|
5 and above
|
1.12
| |
0.92
|
1.36
|
1.15
| |
0.73
|
1.80
|
1.06
| |
0.76
|
1.48
|
1.06
| |
0.69
|
1.62
|
Birthsize
|
Less than average
|
2.17
|
**
|
2.07
|
2.27
|
2.16
|
**
|
1.93
|
2.42
|
1.97
|
**
|
1.83
|
2.12
|
2.18
|
**
|
1.98
|
2.40
|
Average ®
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Above average
|
1.21
|
**
|
1.15
|
1.28
|
1.29
|
**
|
1.12
|
1.50
|
1.34
|
**
|
1.22
|
1.46
|
1.12
| |
0.99
|
1.26
|
Previous birth interval
|
First-order birth
|
2.27
|
**
|
1.87
|
2.76
|
2.04
|
**
|
1.31
|
3.18
|
2.28
|
**
|
1.64
|
3.19
|
2.49
|
**
|
1.65
|
3.76
|
Less than 12 months
|
3.54
|
**
|
3.14
|
3.98
|
4.09
|
**
|
3.05
|
5.49
|
3.73
|
**
|
3.10
|
4.48
|
3.25
|
**
|
2.52
|
4.20
|
12 to 23 months
|
1.77
|
**
|
1.64
|
1.92
|
1.86
|
**
|
1.52
|
2.28
|
2.02
|
**
|
1.78
|
2.29
|
1.69
|
**
|
1.44
|
1.98
|
24 to 35 months
|
1.14
|
**
|
1.05
|
1.24
|
1.34
|
**
|
1.09
|
1.65
|
1.26
|
**
|
1.10
|
1.43
|
1.08
| |
0.91
|
1.27
|
36 to 47 months ®
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
48 to 59 months
|
1.01
| |
0.91
|
1.14
|
0.88
| |
0.64
|
1.21
|
1.08
| |
0.89
|
1.29
|
1.03
| |
0.82
|
1.29
|
60 to 85 months
|
1.19
|
**
|
1.07
|
1.34
|
1.15
| |
0.85
|
1.55
|
1.24
|
*
|
1.03
|
1.50
|
1.16
| |
0.91
|
1.47
|
86 months and above
|
1.76
|
**
|
1.56
|
2.00
|
1.72
|
**
|
1.24
|
2.39
|
1.67
|
**
|
1.34
|
2.09
|
1.70
|
**
|
1.30
|
2.24
|
Mode of delivery
|
Non-Caesarean ®
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Caesarean
|
0.89
|
**
|
0.83
|
0.95
|
0.82
|
*
|
0.70
|
0.96
|
1.03
| |
0.92
|
1.17
|
0.84
|
*
|
0.71
|
0.99
|
Assistance during delivery
|
Skilled personnel ®
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Unskilled personnel
|
1.21
|
**
|
1.16
|
1.27
|
1.11
| |
0.98
|
1.25
|
1.17
|
**
|
1.10
|
1.26
|
1.37
|
**
|
1.25
|
1.50
|
History of sibling’s death
|
No ®
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Yes
|
2.35
|
**
|
2.24
|
2.47
|
2.51
|
**
|
2.22
|
2.85
|
2.03
|
**
|
1.88
|
2.20
|
2.13
|
**
|
1.92
|
2.38
|
Constant
|
0.01
|
**
|
0.01
|
0.01
|
0.01
|
**
|
0.01
|
0.02
|
0.02
|
**
|
0.01
|
0.03
|
0.01
|
**
|
0.01
|
0.02
|
\(/ln(p)\)
|
-1.56
|
**
|
-1.57
|
-1.54
|
-1.55
|
**
|
-1.60
|
-1.51
|
-1.56
|
**
|
-1.59
|
-1.53
|
-1.60
|
**
|
-1.64
|
-1.57
|
\(/ln(\theta )\)
|
-2.45
|
**
|
-2.92
|
-1.98
|
-5.27
|
**
|
-7.19
|
-3.36
|
-4.74
|
**
|
-6.09
|
-3.39
|
-3.60
|
**
|
-5.44
|
-1.75
|
LR Test for theta = 0
|
387.02
|
**
| | |
2.85
|
*
| | |
33.91
|
**
| | |
5.76
|
**
| | |
|
Northeast
| |
West
| |
South
|
---|
HR
| |
95% CI
| |
HR
| |
95% CI
| |
HR
| |
95% CI
|
---|
Maternal characteristics
|
Age at first birth (in years)
|
Less than 18
|
1.01
| |
0.84
|
1.20
| |
1.17
| |
0.85
|
1.60
| |
0.98
| |
0.73
|
1.31
|
19 to 24
|
0.90
| |
0.76
|
1.06
| |
0.98
| |
0.73
|
1.30
| |
1.01
| |
0.78
|
1.28
|
25 to 29 ®
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
30 and above
|
0.84
| |
0.62
|
1.14
| |
1.26
| |
0.75
|
2.14
| |
1.08
| |
0.67
|
1.76
|
Level of schooling
|
No schooling ®
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Primary
|
1.00
| |
0.85
|
1.18
| |
1.17
| |
0.88
|
1.55
| |
1.02
| |
0.78
|
1.34
|
Secondary
|
0.94
| |
0.80
|
1.10
| |
0.98
| |
0.76
|
1.27
| |
0.74
|
*
|
0.58
|
0.93
|
Higher
|
0.74
| |
0.51
|
1.06
| |
0.82
| |
0.51
|
1.30
| |
0.41
|
**
|
0.27
|
0.61
|
Marital status
|
Currently married ®
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Not currently married
|
1.09
| |
0.83
|
1.44
| |
1.84
|
*
|
1.13
|
3.00
| |
1.99
|
**
|
1.31
|
3.02
|
Wealth index
| | |
Poorest ®
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Poorer
|
1.00
| |
0.86
|
1.16
| |
1.28
| |
0.96
|
1.69
| |
0.89
| |
0.65
|
1.21
|
Middle
|
0.93
| |
0.77
|
1.12
| |
0.83
| |
0.60
|
1.14
| |
0.89
| |
0.65
|
1.21
|
Richer
|
0.75
|
*
|
0.58
|
0.96
| |
0.80
| |
0.56
|
1.14
| |
0.70
|
*
|
0.50
|
0.99
|
Richest
|
0.89
| |
0.64
|
1.24
| |
0.76
| |
0.50
|
1.16
| |
0.47
|
**
|
0.30
|
0.72
|
Religion
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Hindu ®
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Muslim
|
1.16
| |
0.96
|
1.40
| |
0.99
| |
0.73
|
1.33
| |
0.84
| |
0.64
|
1.10
|
Christian
|
0.82
| |
0.65
|
1.03
| |
0.51
| |
0.16
|
1.61
| |
0.51
|
**
|
0.31
|
0.84
|
Others
|
0.62
|
**
|
0.46
|
0.85
| |
0.84
| |
0.51
|
1.36
| |
1.06
| |
0.15
|
7.61
|
Caste
|
Scheduled Caste ®
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Scheduled Tribe
|
1.01
| |
0.77
|
1.33
| |
0.77
| |
0.56
|
1.06
| |
1.02
| |
0.75
|
1.38
|
Others
|
0.84
| |
0.65
|
1.09
| |
0.87
| |
0.66
|
1.16
| |
0.96
| |
0.79
|
1.16
|
Child characteristics
|
Sex
|
Male ®
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Female
|
0.79
|
**
|
0.70
|
0.88
| |
0.72
|
**
|
0.60
|
0.86
| |
0.77
|
**
|
0.65
|
0.90
|
Type of birth
|
Singleton birth ®
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Multiple birth
|
3.22
|
**
|
2.44
|
4.25
| |
4.85
|
**
|
3.34
|
7.04
| |
2.20
|
**
|
1.45
|
3.36
|
Birth order
|
1 ®
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2
|
1.13
| |
0.60
|
2.14
| |
0.86
| |
0.41
|
1.77
| |
1.99
|
*
|
1.03
|
3.84
|
3 to 4
|
1.17
| |
0.60
|
2.26
| |
0.76
| |
0.34
|
1.68
| |
1.66
| |
0.82
|
3.37
|
5 and above
|
1.21
| |
0.62
|
2.36
| |
1.02
| |
0.44
|
2.41
| |
2.16
| |
0.95
|
4.90
|
Birthsize
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Less than average
|
2.19
|
**
|
1.93
|
2.49
| |
2.49
|
**
|
2.02
|
3.08
| |
3.73
|
**
|
3.08
|
4.52
|
Average ®
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Above average
|
1.21
|
*
|
1.02
|
1.42
| |
1.27
|
*
|
1.02
|
1.58
| |
1.01
| |
0.82
|
1.25
|
Previous birth interval
|
First-order birth
|
1.66
| |
0.86
|
3.21
| |
2.08
| |
0.94
|
4.62
| |
3.55
|
**
|
1.71
|
7.36
|
Less than 12 months
|
2.54
|
**
|
1.72
|
3.75
| |
3.30
|
**
|
1.79
|
6.07
| |
4.46
|
**
|
2.67
|
7.45
|
12 to 23 months
|
1.37
|
**
|
1.11
|
1.69
| |
1.63
|
*
|
1.12
|
2.39
| |
1.44
| |
0.98
|
2.11
|
24 to 35 months
|
0.89
| |
0.72
|
1.11
| |
0.84
| |
0.56
|
1.26
| |
1.19
| |
0.81
|
1.74
|
36 to 47 months ®
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
48 to 59 months
|
0.97
| |
0.73
|
1.28
| |
0.73
| |
0.39
|
1.35
| |
1.25
| |
0.76
|
2.08
|
60 to 85 months
|
1.06
| |
0.81
|
1.38
| |
1.50
| |
0.89
|
2.55
| |
1.10
| |
0.65
|
1.86
|
86 months and above
|
1.38
|
*
|
1.04
|
1.84
| |
2.24
|
**
|
1.29
|
3.86
| |
2.64
|
**
|
1.67
|
4.16
|
Mode of delivery
|
Non-Caesarean ®
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Caesarean
|
0.74
|
*
|
0.58
|
0.94
| |
0.85
| |
0.65
|
1.11
| |
0.92
| |
0.76
|
1.10
|
Assistance during delivery
|
Skilled personnel ®
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Unskilled personnel
|
1.05
| |
0.91
|
1.20
| |
1.50
|
**
|
1.19
|
1.89
| |
1.41
|
*
|
1.06
|
1.86
|
History of sibling's death
|
No ®
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Yes
|
3.16
|
**
|
2.74
|
3.65
| |
3.82
|
**
|
2.99
|
4.87
| |
3.50
|
**
|
2.76
|
4.43
|
Constant
|
0.01
|
**
|
0.00
|
0.02
| |
0.01
|
**
|
0.00
|
0.02
| |
0.01
|
**
|
0.00
|
0.02
|
\(/ln(p)\)
|
-1.44
|
**
|
-1.49
|
-1.39
| |
-1.60
|
**
|
-1.68
|
-1.52
| |
-1.55
|
**
|
-1.62
|
-1.47
|
\(/ln(\theta )\)
|
-2.56
|
**
|
-3.57
|
-1.54
| |
-4.56
|
**
|
-6.85
|
-2.28
| |
-4.25
| |
-8.98
|
0.48
|
LR test for theta = 0
|
37.54
|
**
| | | |
2.83
|
*
| | | |
0.29
| | | |
- HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; LR, log-likelihood ratio test; **p-values < 0.01 and * 0.01 < p-values < 0.05
- Not currently married includes widowed, separated and divorced; skilled personnel includes doctors, nurses, auxiliary nurse midwives, midwives, and lady health visitors