Fig. 4From: Fertility decline and the emergence of excess female survival in post-reproductive ages in ItalySource: Istat (1974), Istat-AVQ (individual data of the 1993 and 2003 surveys) and authors’ calculationsSurvival chances between 1961 and 1993, and between 1961 and 2003, of the cohorts of women born in the years 1912–1916 by CFS and educational level, in Italy (ever-married women). These (ever-married) women were observed in 1961 at 45–49 years (starting point), then in 1993 (at 77–81 years: first check), and then again in 2003 (at 87–91 years: second check). “Primary” means with no or, at most, primary education. We thank Valentina Tocchioni, UNIFI, for her help with Istat’s AVQ data.Back to article page