Journal of Population Sciences
Table 2 Average marginal effects and robust standard errors from logistic regression models of grandparent–grandchild contact: face-to-face, telephone and digital interaction
From: Determinants of grandparent–grandchild digital contact in Italy
Variables | AMEs (SE) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | |||
Face-to-face | Telephone | Digital | Digital | |
Grandparent characteristics | ||||
Gender (ref = men) | ||||
Women | 0.014 (0.013) | 0.038 (0.018)** | − 0.003 (0.010) | − 0.008 (0.010) |
Birth cohort (ref = post-1950) | ||||
Pre-1939 | − 0.043 (0.022)** | − 0.003 (0.029) | − 0.137 (0.014)*** | − 0.138 (0.014)*** |
1940–1949 | − 0.006 (0.016) | 0.041 (0.021)* | − 0.064 (0.015)*** | − 0.070 (0.014)*** |
Marital status (ref = married) | ||||
Separated/divorced/never married | − 0.087 (0.024)*** | − 0.059 (0.030)** | − 0.004 (0.015) | − 0.001 (0.015) |
Widowed | − 0.030 (0.016)* | − 0.030 (0.022) | − 0.001 (0.015) | − 0.003 (0.014) |
Functional limitations in daily activities (ref = no limitations) | ||||
No response | − 0.075 (0.029)** | 0.007 (0.037) | 0.0205 (0.024) | 0.015 (0.023) |
Severe | − 0.040 (0.020)** | − 0.067 (0.028)** | − 0.052 (0.015)*** | − 0.048 (0.015)*** |
Light | − 0.036 (0.015)** | − 0.059 (0.022)*** | − 0.030 (0.013)** | − 0.025 (0.013)* |
Educational level (ref = low) | ||||
High | − 0.010 (0.026) | − 0.001 (0.035) | 0.076 (0.023)*** | 0.079 (0.022)*** |
Middle | − 0.013 (0.014) | 0.021 (0.019) | 0.054 (0.012)*** | 0.049 (0.011)*** |
Occupational condition (ref = unemployed/retired/other) | ||||
In paid work | − 0.015 (0.021) | − 0.038 (0.026) | 0.008 (0.013) | 0.015 (0.013) |
Principal source of income (ref = own income) | ||||
Maintained | 0.005 (0.020) | 0.012 (0.026) | − 0.013 (0.014) | − 0.014 (0.013) |
Network (ref = no friends or neighbours) | ||||
At least one friend or neighbour | 0.027 (0.012)** | 0.053 (0.016)*** | 0.034 (0.009)*** | 0.030 (0.009)*** |
Geographical area (ref = South and Islands) | ||||
North | − 0.017 (0.013) | − 0.130 (0.018)*** | − 0.016 (0.010) | 0.001 (0.010) |
Centre | − 0.004 (0.016) | − 0.032 (0.022) | 0.003 (0.014) | 0.010 (0.013) |
Degree of urbanisation (ref = low) | ||||
High | − 0.071 (0.016)*** | 0.090 (0.022)*** | 0.064 (0.014)*** | 0.050 (0.013)*** |
Middle | − 0.015 (0.013) | 0.028 (0.019) | 0.022 (0.010)** | 0.018 (0.010) |
Number of grandchildren (ref = 3) | ||||
1 | − 0.069 (0.021)*** | − 0.079 (0.028)*** | − 0.039 (0.018)** | − 0.029 (0.017)* |
2 | − 0.040 (0.015)*** | 0.005 (0.021) | − 0.037 (0.015)** | − 0.036 (0.014)** |
Grandchild characteristics | ||||
Grandchildren gender (ref = all men) | ||||
Mixed | − 0.009 (0.016) | 0.020 (0.022) | − 0.014 (0.013) | − 0.016 (0.012) |
All women | 0.010 (0.014) | 0.046 (0.020)** | 0.022 (0.012)* | 0.019 (0.012) |
Living distance from grandchildren (ref = within 16 km) | ||||
Further than 16 km | − 0.128 (0.018)*** | 0.010 (0.024) | 0.039 (0.017)** | 0.033 (0.016)** |
Mixed | − 0.034 (0.019)* | 0.102 (0.026)*** | 0.052 (0.018)*** | 0.035 (0.016)** |
Age of grandchildren (ref = all 0–13) | ||||
All 14 + | − 0.654 (0.014)*** | 0.023 (0.019) | 0.076 (0.012)*** | 0.042 (0.015)*** |
Mixed | − 0.068 (0.022)*** | − 0.003 (0.028) | 0.047 (0.019)** | 0.046 (0.019)** |
Face-to-face | ||||
At least few times a week | − 0.037 (0.015)** | |||
Telephone | ||||
At least few times a week | 0.126 (0.008)*** | |||