Journal of Population Sciences
Table 3 Average marginal effects and robust standard errors from logistic regression models of grandparent–grandchild contact, for grandparents stratified by grandchildren’s living proximity: face-to-face, telephone and digital interactions
From: Determinants of grandparent–grandchild digital contact in Italy
A | All grandchildren living within 16 km, AMEs (SE) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||
Face-to-face | Telephone | Digital | Digital | |
Grandparent characteristics | ||||
Gender (ref = men) | ||||
Women | 0.017 (0.016) | 0.030 (0.022) | − 0.001 (0.012) | − 0.006 (0.011) |
Birth cohort (ref = post-1950) | ||||
Pre-1939 | − 0.033 (0.026) | − 0.002 (0.037) | − 0.114 (0.017)*** | − 0.115 (0.017)*** |
1940–1949 | − 0.011 (0.019) | 0.0257 (0.026) | − 0.068 (0.017)*** | − 0.071 (0.016)*** |
Marital status (ref = married) | ||||
Separated/divorced/never married | − 0.130 (0.035)*** | − 0.071 (0.041)* | − 0.004 (0.019) | 0.003 (0.020) |
Widowed | − 0.014 (0.018) | − 0.001 (0.028) | − 0.006 (0.016) | − 0.008 (0.015) |
Functional limitations in daily activities (ref = no limitations) | ||||
No response | − 0.049 (0.036) | 0.071 (0.045) | 0.043 (0.032) | 0.030 (0.028) |
Severe | − 0.040 (0.024)* | − 0.027 (0.035) | − 0.037 (0.017)** | − 0.037 (0.016)** |
Light | − 0.023 (0.018) | − 0.059 (0.027)** | − 0.021 (0.014) | − 0.015 (0.014) |
Educational level (ref = low) | ||||
High | 0.021 (0.031) | 0.008 (0.046) | 0.017 (0.023) | 0.025 (0.024) |
Middle | 0.009 (0.017) | 0.013 (0.024) | 0.035 (0.014)** | 0.035 (0.013)*** |
Occupational condition (ref = unemployed/retired/other) | ||||
In paid work | 0.003 (0.025) | − 0.007 (0.032) | − 0.004 (0.014) | − 0.002 (0.014) |
Principal source of income (ref = own income) | ||||
Maintained | − 0.006 (0.024) | 0.026 (0.032) | − 0.027 (0.014)* | − 0.030 (0.013)** |
Network (ref = no friends or neighbours) | ||||
At least one friend or neighbour | 0.013 (0.014) | 0.047 (0.020)** | 0.021 (0.010)* | 0.017 (0.010) |
Geographical area (ref = South and Islands) | ||||
North | − 0.040 (0.015)** | − 0.093 (0.022)*** | − 0.004 (0.012) | 0.006 (0.011) |
Centre | − 0.016 (0.019) | − 0.002 (0.028) | 0.014 (0.016) | 0.016 (0.015) |
Degree of urbanisation (ref = low) | ||||
High | − 0.082 (0.020)*** | 0.128 (0.028)*** | 0.078 (0.015)*** | 0.061 (0.014)*** |
Middle | − 0.018 (0.016) | 0.051 (0.024)** | 0.033 (0.011)*** | 0.030 (0.011)*** |
Number of grandchildren (ref = 3) | ||||
1 | − 0.052 (0.022)** | − 0.069 (0.035)** | − 0.026 (0.020) | − 0.014 (0.020) |
2 | − 0.040 (0.016)** | 0.028 (0.027) | − 0.027 (0.017) | − 0.028 (0.015)* |
Grandchild characteristics | ||||
Grandchildren gender (ref = all men) | ||||
Mixed | 0.005 (0.019) | 0.021 (0.027) | 0.000 (0.014) | − 0.002 (0.014) |
All women | 0.026 (0.016) | 0.049 (0.024)** | 0.021 (0.014) | 0.016 (0.013) |
Age of grandchildren (ref = all 0–13) | ||||
All 14 + | − 0.129 (0.024)*** | 0.050 (0.030)* | 0.029 (0.020) | 0.023 (0.019) |
Mixed | 0.000 (0.021) | 0.146 (0.032)*** | 0.061 (0.022)*** | 0.038 (0.018)** |
Face-to-face | ||||
At least few times a week | 0.001 (0.018) | |||
Telephone | ||||
At least few times a week | 0.115 (0.009)*** | |||
B | All grandchildren living far from 16 km, AMEs (SE) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||
Face-to-face | Telephone | Digital | Digital | |
Grandparent characteristics | ||||
Gender (ref = men) | ||||
Women | − 0.018 (0.029) | 0.052 (0.035) | − 0.017 (0.026) | − 0.032 (0.025) |
Birth cohort (ref = post-1950) | ||||
Pre-1939 | − 0.068 (0.042) | − 0.024 (0.059) | − 0.176 (0.033)*** | − 0.172 (0.033)*** |
1940–1949 | 0.009 (0.035) | 0.042 (0.044) | − 0.064 (0.035)* | − 0.068 (0.033)** |
Marital status (ref = married) | ||||
Separated/divorced/never married | − 0.038 (0.037) | − 0.064 (0.048) | − 0.005 (0.032) | − 0.003 (0.031) |
Widowed | − 0.032 (0.039) | − 0.037 (0.048) | 0.049 (0.043) | 0.034 (0.039) |
Functional limitations in daily activities (ref = no limitations) | ||||
No response | − 0.088 (0.050)* | − 0.090 (0.071) | 0.001 (0.051) | − 0.008 (0.048) |
Severe | 0.008 (0.051) | − 0.151 (0.058)** | − 0.072 (0.043)* | − 0.049 (0.045) |
Light | − 0.086 (0.033)*** | − 0.077 (0.045)* | − 0.076 (0.032)** | − 0.068 (0.031)** |
Educational level (ref = low) | ||||
High | − 0.089 (0.042)** | − 0.078 (0.062) | 0.166 (0.051)*** | 0.166 (0.050)*** |
Middle | − 0.051 (0.029)* | 0.027 (0.037) | 0.094 (0.028)*** | 0.078 (0.026)*** |
Occupational condition (ref = unemployed/retired/other) | ||||
In paid work | − 0.040 (0.036) | − 0.064 (0.050) | 0.050 (0.035) | 0.060 (0.034)* |
Principal source of income (ref = own income) | ||||
Maintained | 0.036 (0.044) | 0.000 (0.054) | 0.033 (0.041) | 0.039 (0.039) |
Network (ref = no friends or neighbours) | ||||
At least one friend or neighbour | 0.038 (0.026) | 0.054 (0.034) | 0.063 (0.024)** | 0.062 (0.023)*** |
Geographical area (ref = South and Islands) | ||||
North | 0.066 (0.028)** | − 0.174 (0.035)*** | − 0.042 (0.026) | − 0.008 (0.025) |
Centre | 0.053 (0.038) | − 0.047 (0.047) | 0.008 (0.036) | 0.021 (0.033) |
Degree of urbanisation (ref = low) | ||||
High | − 0.026 (0.035) | 0.009 (0.044) | 0.023 (0.033) | 0.011 (0.031) |
Middle | − 0.012 (0.030) | 0.000 (0.036) | − 0.004 (0.026) | − 0.010 (0.025) |
Number of grandchildren (ref = 3) | ||||
1 | − 0.059 (0.048) | − 0.052 (0.058) | − 0.063 (0.047) | − 0.063 (0.044) |
2 | − 0.029 (0.040) | − 0.022 (0.046) | − 0.074 (0.040)* | − 0.068 (0.037)* |
Grandchildren characteristics | ||||
Grandchildren gender (ref = All Men) | ||||
Mixed | − 0.001 (0.038) | 0.063 (0.048) | − 0.036 (0.034) | − 0.047 (0.032) |
All women | − 0.017 (0.032) | 0.042 (0.039) | 0.016 (0.029) | 0.010 (0.028) |
Age of grandchildren (ref = all 0–13) | ||||
All 14 + | − 0.0097 (0.035)*** | − 0.072 (0.048) | 0.033 (0.041) | 0.033 (0.038) |
Mixed | − 0.064 (0.043) | 0.026 (0.060) | 0.047 (0.050) | 0.025 (0.044) |
Face-to-face | ||||
At least few times a week | − 0.104 (0.023)*** | |||
Telephone | ||||
At least few times a week | 0.172 (0.021)*** | |||