Table 2 Linear regression models on symmetry in the division of housework (Z-score)

Meetings with (grand)parents

(Ref. Daily)

 Living at home

0.339**

(0.069)

0.328**

(0.097)

0.363**

(0.094)

 Weekly

0.060⁺

(0.032)

0.059

(0.043)

0.055

(0.045)

 Less than weekly

0.057

(0.039)

− 0.030

(0.053)

0.139*

(0.055)

N. of grandparents

0.034*

(0.016)

0.015

(0.022)

0.021

(0.022)

Age (Ref. 25–34)

 35–39

− 0.102*

(0.047)

− 0.188**

(0.071)

− 0.085

(0.060)

 40–44

− 0.118**

(0.045)

− 0.176**

(0.067)

− 0.154**

(0.059)

 45–49

− 0.103*

(0.047)

− 0.249**

(0.068)

− 0.107⁺

(0.064)

 50–59

0.041

(0.054)

− 0.149*

(0.074)

− 0.045

(0.082)

Region (Ref. North)

 Centre

0.014

(0.039)

0.050

(0.053)

− 0.059

(0.054)

 South

− 0.058⁺

(0.032)

− 0.074⁺

(0.044)

− 0.074

(0.045)

Education (Ref. Tertiary)

 Secondary

− 0.099**

(0.038)

− 0.096⁺

(0.056)

− 0.165**

(0.049)

 Lower than secondary

− 0.138**

(0.042)

− 0.095

(0.059)

− 0.310**

(0.057)

Employed

0.381**

(0.058)

0.193⁺

(0.101)

0.304**

(0.076)

Working hours per week

0.002

(0.001)

− 0.007**

(0.002)

0.003

(0.002)

Employed partner

0.345**

(0.065)

0.036

(0.083)

0.332**

(0.117)

Partner working hours

− 0.010**

(0.002)

0.007**

(0.002)

− 0.010**

(0.002)

Hiring a housekeeper

0.352**

(0.063)

0.232*

(0.093)

0.439**

(0.083)

Babysitter

0.135⁺

(0.080)

0.237*

(0.117)

0.007

(0.105)

N. of children

− 0.053**

(0.018)

− 0.022

(0.026)

− 0.038

(0.026)

Constant

− 0.711**

(0.135)

− 0.088

(0.201)

− 0.637**

(0.182)

Observations

4991

2526

2465

R-squared

0.085

0.053

0.109