Table 3 Linear regression models on symmetry in the division of routine and instrumental housework tasks (5 items) (Z-score)

Meetings with (grand)parents

(Ref. Daily)

 Living at home

0.300**

(0.068)

0.301**

(0.096)

0.311**

(0.088)

 Weekly

0.068*

(0.031)

0.064

(0.042)

0.061

(0.042)

 Less than weekly

0.069

(0.040)

0.021

(0.052)

0.101⁺

(0.052)

N. of grandparents

0.030⁺

(0.016)

0.005

(0.022)

0.015

(0.021)

Age (Ref. 25–34)

 35–39

− 0.097*

(0.046)

− 0.174*

(0.070)

− 0.098⁺

(0.056)

 40–44

− 0.103*

(0.044)

− 0.174**

(0.066)

− 0.149**

(0.055)

 45–49

− 0.066

(0.046)

− 0.248**

(0.067)

− 0.069

(0.060)

 50–59

0.064

(0.053)

− 0.175*

(0.073)

− 0.034

(0.077)

Region (Ref. North)

 Centre

0.023

(0.038)

0.052

(0.053)

− 0.042

(0.051)

 South

− 0.091**

(0.031)

− 0.113**

(0.043)

− 0.104*

(0.042)

Education (Ref. Tertiary)

 Secondary

− 0.079*

(0.037)

− 0.049

(0.055)

− 0.186**

(0.046)

 Lower than secondary

− 0.121**

(0.041)

− 0.059

(0.059)

− 0.341**

(0.054)

Employed

0.330**

(0.057)

0.135

(0.100)

0.255**

(0.071)

Working hours per week

0.005**

(0.001)

− 0.005**

(0.002)

0.005*

(0.002)

Employed partner

0.425**

(0.064)

0.096

(0.083)

0.361**

(0.110)

Partner working hours

− 0.013**

(0.001)

0.005*

(0.002)

− 0.012**

(0.002)

Hiring a housekeeper

0.378**

(0.062)

0.289**

(0.092)

0.447**

(0.078)

Babysitter

0.169*

(0.078)

0.227*

(0.115)

0.078

(0.099)

N. of children

− 0.055**

(0.018)

− 0.029

(0.025)

− 0.028

(0.024)

Constant

− 0.789**

(0.132)

− 0.040

(0.199)

− 0.758**

(0.171)

Observations

4991

2526

2465

R-squared

0.119

0.054

0.134