Table 5 Linear regression models on symmetry in the division of housework tasks (Z-score)

Meetings with (grand)parents

(Ref. Daily)

 Living at home

0.262**

(0.069)

0.267**

(0.096)

0.276**

(0.093)

 Weekly

0.071*

(0.031)

0.071⁺

(0.042)

0.065

(0.044)

 Less than weekly

0.071⁺

(0.039)

− 0.016

(0.053)

0.153**

(0.055)

N. of grandparents

0.035*

(0.016)

0.014

(0.022)

0.025

(0.022)

Age (Ref. 25–34)

 35–39

− 0.084⁺

(0.046)

− 0.163*

(0.070)

− 0.075

(0.059)

 40–44

− 0.107*

(0.044)

− 0.172**

(0.066)

− 0.133*

(0.058)

 45–49

− 0.089⁺

(0.047)

− 0.237**

(0.068)

− 0.089

(0.063)

 50–59

0.048

(0.053)

− 0.142⁺

(0.073)

− 0.039

(0.081)

Region (Ref. North)

 Centre

0.017

(0.038)

0.038

(0.053)

− 0.038

(0.054)

 South

− 0.060⁺

(0.032)

− 0.083⁺

(0.043)

− 0.065

(0.044)

Education (Ref. Tertiary)

 Secondary

− 0.068⁺

(0.037)

− 0.074

(0.055)

− 0.126**

(0.049)

 Lower than secondary

− 0.106*

(0.041)

− 0.069

(0.059)

− 0.278**

(0.057)

Employed

0.384**

(0.058)

0.214*

(0.100)

0.312**

(0.075)

Working hours per week

0.001

(0.001)

− 0.007**

(0.002)

0.002

(0.002)

Employed partner

0.362**

(0.064)

0.056

(0.083)

0.340**

(0.116)

Partner working hours

− 0.010**

(0.001)

0.006**

(0.002)

− 0.010**

(0.002)

Hiring a housekeeper

0.205**

(0.064)

0.117

(0.094)

0.275**

(0.084)

Babysitter

0.098

(0.079)

0.210⁺

(0.116)

− 0.034

(0.104)

N. of children

− 0.054**

(0.018)

− 0.025

(0.025)

− 0.037

(0.025)

Outsourcing at least one activity

0.412**

(0.039)

0.350**

(0.055)

0.438**

(0.054)

Constant

− 0.608**

(0.133)

− 0.015

(0.200)

− 0.542**

(0.180)

Observations

4991

2526

2465

R-squared

0.104

0.068

0.133