Table 6 Linear regression models on symmetry in the division of routine and instrumental housework tasks (5 items) (Z-score)

Meetings with (grand)parents

(Ref. Daily)

 Living at home

0.257**

(0.068)

0.276**

(0.096)

0.255**

(0.088)

 Weekly

0.074*

(0.031)

0.069

(0.042)

0.067

(0.042)

 Less than weekly

0.077*

(0.038)

0.026

(0.052)

0.110*

(0.052)

N. of grandparents

0.031⁺

(0.016)

0.004

(0.022)

0.018

(0.021)

Age (Ref. 25–34)

 35–39

− 0.087⁺

(0.046)

− 0.164*

(0.070)

− 0.092

(0.056)

 40–44

− 0.096*

(0.044)

− 0.173**

(0.066)

− 0.135*

(0.055)

 45–49

− 0.058

(0.046)

− 0.243**

(0.067)

− 0.057

(0.060)

 50–59

0.068

(0.053)

− 0.172*

(0.073)

− 0.031

(0.076)

Region (Ref. North)

 Centre

0.024

(0.038)

0.047

(0.053)

− 0.028

(0.051)

 South

− 0.093**

(0.031)

− 0.117**

(0.043)

− 0.098*

(0.042)

Education (Ref. Tertiary)

 Secondary

− 0.061⁺

(0.037)

− 0.041

(0.055)

− 0.161**

(0.046)

 Lower than secondary

− 0.103*

(0.041)

− 0.049

(0.059)

− 0.321**

(0.054)

Employed

0.332**

(0.057)

0.143

(0.100)

0.260**

(0.071)

Working hours per week

0.005**

(0.001)

− 0.005**

(0.002)

0.004*

(0.002)

Employed partner

0.434**

(0.064)

0.104

(0.083)

0.367**

(0.109)

Partner working hours

− 0.014**

(0.001)

0.005*

(0.002)

− 0.012**

(0.002)

Hiring a housekeeper

0.295**

(0.063)

0.243**

(0.094)

0.341**

(0.080)

Babysitter

0.148⁺

(0.078)

0.216⁺

(0.115)

0.052

(0.098)

N. of children

− 0.055**

(0.018)

− 0.030

(0.025)

− 0.027

(0.024)

Outsourcing at least one activity

0.231**

(0.039)

0.141*

(0.055)

0.285**

(0.051)

Constant

− 0.731**

(0.132)

− 0.010

(0.200)

− 0.697**

(0.171)

Observations

4991

2526

2465

R-squared

0.125

0.056

0.145