Table 7 Linear regression models on symmetry in the division of housework tasks (Z-score)

Meetings with (grand)parents

(Ref. Daily)

 Living at home

0.342**

(0.071)

0.326**

(0.099)

0.364**

(0.096)

 Weekly

0.066*

(0.032)

0.072⁺

(0.043)

0.056

(0.045)

 Less than weekly

0.087*

(0.040)

0.002

(0.054)

0.173**

(0.057)

N. of grandparents

0.036*

(0.016)

0.017

(0.023)

0.025

(0.023)

Age (Ref. 25–34)

 35–39

− 0.121*

(0.047)

− 0.202**

(0.072)

− 0.110⁺

(0.060)

 40–44

− 0.120**

(0.045)

− 0.171*

(0.068)

− 0.161**

(0.059)

 45–49

− 0.116*

(0.048)

− 0.260**

(0.069)

− 0.121⁺

(0.065)

 50–59

0.016

(0.055)

− 0.154*

(0.075)

− 0.098

(0.082)

Region (Ref. North)

 Centre

0.024

(0.039)

0.057

(0.054)

− 0.053

(0.055)

 South

− 0.046

(0.033)

− 0.056

(0.044)

− 0.062

(0.046)

Education (Ref. Tertiary)

 Secondary

− 0.087*

(0.038)

− 0.073

(0.056)

− 0.155**

(0.049)

 Lower than secondary

− 0.112**

(0.042)

− 0.056

(0.060)

− 0.286**

(0.058)

Employed

0.361**

(0.059)

0.143

(0.103)

0.292**

(0.077)

Working hours per week

0.002

(0.001)

− 0.006**

(0.002)

0.003

(0.002)

Employed partner

0.341**

(0.066)

0.048

(0.084)

0.285*

(0.118)

Partner working hours

− 0.010**

(0.002)

0.006**

(0.002)

− 0.010**

(0.002)

Hiring a housekeeper

0.346**

(0.064)

0.223*

(0.094)

0.438**

(0.084)

Babysitter

0.148⁺

(0.080)

0.243*

(0.117)

0.011

(0.106)

N. of children

− 0.049*

(0.019)

− 0.016

(0.026)

− 0.031

(0.026)

Traditional family norms

− 0.010**

(0.003)

− 0.011*

(0.004)

− 0.014**

(0.004)

Constant

− 0.528**

(0.151)

0.123

(0.225)

− 0.332

(0.204)

Observations

4835

2449

2386

R-squared

0.086

0.054

0.113