Table 8 Linear regression models on symmetry in the division of routine and instrumental housework tasks (5 items) (Z-score)

Meetings with (grand)parents

(Ref. Daily)

 Living at home

0.298**

(0.069)

0.279**

(0.097)

0.318**

(0.090)

 Weekly

0.072*

(0.031)

0.072⁺

(0.043)

0.062

(0.042)

 Less than weekly

0.102**

(0.039)

0.054

(0.053)

0.137**

(0.053)

N. of grandparents

0.033*

(0.016)

0.010

(0.022)

0.018

(0.021)

Age (Ref. 25–34)

 35–39

− 0.112*

(0.046)

− 0.193**

(0.071)

− 0.115*

(0.057)

 40–44

− 0.097*

(0.044)

− 0.167*

(0.067)

− 0.146**

(0.056)

 45–49

− 0.079⁺

(0.047)

− 0.256**

(0.068)

− 0.089

(0.061)

 50–59

0.044

(0.053)

− 0.168*

(0.074)

− 0.088

(0.077)

Region (Ref. North)

 Centre

0.029

(0.038)

0.062

(0.053)

− 0.043

(0.052)

 South

− 0.080*

(0.032)

− 0.089*

(0.044)

− 0.097*

(0.043)

Education (Ref. Tertiary)

 Secondary

− 0.064⁺

(0.037)

− 0.022

(0.056)

− 0.175**

(0.047)

 Lower than secondary

− 0.095*

(0.041)

− 0.017

(0.060)

− 0.317**

(0.055)

Employed

0.313**

(0.058)

0.082

(0.101)

0.247**

(0.072)

Working hours per week

0.005**

(0.001)

− 0.005*

(0.002)

0.005*

(0.002)

Employed partner

0.425**

(0.064)

0.108

(0.083)

0.324**

(0.111)

Partner working hours

− 0.014**

(0.001)

0.004⁺

(0.002)

− 0.011**

(0.002)

Hiring a housekeeper

0.374**

(0.063)

0.290**

(0.093)

0.443**

(0.079)

Babysitter

0.178*

(0.079)

0.232*

(0.115)

0.074

(0.100)

N. of children

− 0.050**

(0.019)

− 0.025

(0.026)

− 0.017

(0.025)

Traditional family norms

− 0.010**

(0.003)

− 0.012**

(0.004)

− 0.016**

(0.004)

Constant

− 0.596**

(0.148)

0.184

(0.222)

− 0.413*

(0.192)

Observations

4858

2461

2397

R-squared

0.120

0.056

0.137