Table 9 Linear regression models on symmetry in the division of housework tasks (Z-score). Sample of grandchildren aged 0–13

Meetings with (grand)parents

(Ref. Daily)

 Living at home

0.371**

(0.074)

0.324**

(0.104)

0.422**

(0.100)

 Weekly

0.099**

(0.035)

0.118*

(0.047)

0.075

(0.049)

 Less than weekly

0.082⁺

(0.043)

0.006

(0.059)

0.160**

(0.062)

N. of grandparents

0.022

(0.018)

− 0.000

(0.026)

0.009

(0.025)

Age (Ref. 25–34)

 35–39

− 0.094*

(0.047)

− 0.190**

(0.071)

− 0.072

(0.061)

 40–44

− 0.116*

(0.046)

− 0.185**

(0.067)

− 0.161**

(0.061)

 45–49

− 0.103*

(0.051)

− 0.261**

(0.072)

− 0.112

(0.072)

 50–59

0.024

(0.065)

− 0.216*

(0.084)

− 0.011

(0.111)

Region (Ref. North)

 Centre

0.012

(0.043)

0.051

(0.058)

− 0.065

(0.060)

 South

− 0.041

(0.035)

− 0.046

(0.048)

− 0.051

(0.050)

Education (Ref. Tertiary)

 Secondary

− 0.125**

(0.040)

− 0.132*

(0.060)

− 0.173**

(0.053)

 Lower than secondary

− 0.146**

(0.045)

− 0.126*

(0.064)

− 0.302**

(0.063)

Employed

0.359**

(0.064)

0.133

(0.112)

0.287**

(0.084)

Working hours per week

0.002

(0.001)

− 0.006**

(0.002)

0.003

(0.002)

Employed partner

0.377**

(0.072)

0.103

(0.094)

0.271*

(0.129)

Partner working hours

− 0.011**

(0.002)

0.005*

(0.003)

− 0.010**

(0.003)

Hiring a housekeeper

0.375**

(0.070)

0.227*

(0.102)

0.472**

(0.091)

Baby-sitter

0.123

(0.080)

0.233*

(0.117)

0.002

(0.107)

N. of children

− 0.069**

(0.020)

− 0.036

(0.028)

− 0.051⁺

(0.028)

Constant

− 0.641**

(0.143)

0.027

(0.214)

− 0.557**

(0.195)

Observations

4103

2054

2049

R-squared

0.086

0.057

0.108