Table 4 Maternal fixed effects model

Male

0.145***

(3.94)

− 0.189

(1.85)

− 0.0732

(1.34)

0.0104

(0.24)

− 0.177***

(3.76)

Twins + 

− 0.488*

(2.40)

0.223

(0.40)

− 0.583

(1.94)

− 0.0163

(0.07)

− 0.252

(0.97)

Birth year

0.00434

(0.42)

0.0867***

(3.51)

0.0241

(1.94)

0.0194

(1.74)

− 0.0350***

(3.35)

Fertility characteristics

 Mother ≤ 20 years at birth

0.0454

(0.52)

− 0.294

(1.22)

0.0825

(0.64)

− 0.118

(1.13)

− 0.276*

(2.49)

 Birth order 1

− 0.105

(1.80)

0.173

(1.07)

0.00697

(0.08)

0.0516

(0.70)

0.102

(1.38)

 Birth order 3 + 

− 0.0190

(0.31)

− 0.106

(0.62)

− 0.0383

(0.41)

0.0190

(0.26)

− 0.0316

(0.41)

 Number of household dependents (< 18 years)

− 0.0126

(0.49)

− 0.0918

(1.16)

0.0495

(1.27)

0.0177

(0.47)

− 0.00403

(0.12)

 Pre-pregnancy interval < 24 months

− 0.0496

(0.88)

− 0.209

(1.26)

− 0.155

(1.76)

− 0.0963

(1.34)

− 0.0251

(0.33)

 Post-birth pregnancy interval < 24 months

0.169

(1.22)

0.0395

(0.53)

0.00595

(0.10)

− 0.0405

(0.64)

Child health

 Birth weight (kg)

0.294**

(3.07)

0.0460

(0.89)

0.0276

(0.66)

− 0.0217

(0.49)

 Height (z) t₁

0.684***

(36.84)

0.00189

(0.08)

0.0289

(1.11)

 Height (z) t₂

− 0.00763

(0.27)

− 0.00787

(0.26)

 Cognition (z) t₃

0.205***

(5.53)

Constant

3.209***

(45.30)

− 2.132***

(5.51)

− 0.740***

(3.67)

− 0.531**

(3.01)

0.457**

(2.77)

Observations

3973

3973

3973

3973

3973