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Genus

Journal of Population Sciences

Table 4 Cox proportional hazard model: relative risk of under-five mortality by religion

From: Explaining the diminishing of Muslim advantage in child survival in India

Predictor variables

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Gross effects

Net of Hindu advantage factors

Net of Muslim advantage factors

Net of Hindu–Muslim advantage factors

Hazard ratios

95% CI

Hazard ratios

95% CI

Hazard ratios

95% CI

Hazard ratios

95% CI

 

LL

UL

 

LL

UL

 

LL

UL

 

LL

UL

Religion

            

 Hindua

            

 Muslim

0.939***

0.906

0.973

0.899***

0.951

0.851

0.953

0.894

1.015

0.932**

0.871

0.996

 Others

0.711***

0.680

0.744

0.873***

0.957

0.796

0.882**

0.799

0.974

0.936

0.841

1.041

Child sex

            

 Malea

            

 Female

   

1.057***

1.098

1.017

   

1.07***

1.024

1.118

Birth order

            

 1a

            

 2

   

1.075***

1.137

1.015

   

3.865***

3.135

4.764

 3

   

1.367***

1.464

1.277

   

5.119***

4.105

6.384

 3 + 

   

1.898***

2.039

1.767

   

8.101***

6.488

10.114

Mother’s education

            

 Noa

            

 Yes

   

0.703***

0.739

0.669

   

0.746***

0.703

0.793

Mother’s mass media exposure

            

 Noa

            

 Yes

   

0.875***

0.915

0.837

   

0.909***

0.863

0.958

Mother’s sex preference

            

 Son preferencea

            

 Daughter or no preference

   

0.871***

0.907

0.836

   

0.891***

0.851

0.934

Household head’s age

            

 Below 21a

            

 21–29 years

   

0.95

1.209

0.746

   

1.251

0.935

1.674

 30–39 years

   

0.891

1.135

0.699

   

1.275

0.951

1.708

 40–49 years

   

1.134

1.451

0.886

   

1.811***

1.345

2.44

 50 above

   

1.483***

1.893

1.162

   

2.093***

1.559

2.809

Household head’s education

            

 Illiteratea

            

 Primary

   

1.08***

1.135

1.029

   

1.073***

1.016

1.134

 Secondary

   

0.917***

0.969

0.869

   

0.97

0.91

1.034

 Higher

   

0.76***

0.849

0.68

   

0.879**

0.774

0.998

Household head’s wealth quintiles

            

 Pooresta

            

 Poorer

   

0.99

1.041

0.94

   

0.963

0.908

1.021

 Middle

   

0.941**

0.997

0.889

   

0.913***

0.854

0.976

 Richer

   

0.744***

0.797

0.695

   

0.794***

0.732

0.861

 Richest

   

0.58***

0.637

0.529

   

0.800***

0.704

0.908

Household size

            

 Below 3a

            

 3

   

0.273***

0.31

0.241

   

0.274***

0.236

0.318

 4

   

0.134***

0.151

0.118

   

0.139***

0.12

0.16

 5 + 

   

0.074***

0.084

0.066

   

0.07***

0.061

0.081

Years lived in place of residence

            

 Below 5 yearsa

            

 5–10 years

   

0.553***

0.582

0.525

   

0.551***

0.516

0.588

 11 years and above

   

0.464***

0.493

0.437

   

0.498***

0.463

0.535

Births spacing

            

 Less than 3 yearsa

            

 3 years and above

      

0.726***

0.684

0.77

0.775***

0.728

0.824

Mother’s current age

            

 Below 18a

            

 18–29 years

      

0.212***

0.185

0.242

0.262***

0.224

0.306

 30–39 years

      

0.179***

0.154

0.207

0.169***

0.142

0.201

 40–49 years

      

0.215***

0.18

0.257

0.143***

0.116

0.177

Mother’s age at first marriage

            

 Below 18a

            

 18–21 years

      

0.818***

0.77

0.868

0.862***

0.809

0.918

 21 above

      

0.783***

0.698

0.878

0.864***

0.764

0.977

Mother’s age at first birth

            

 Below 18a

            

 18–21 years

      

1.033

0.979

1.089

1.127***

1.064

1.193

 21 above

      

1.207***

1.108

1.314

1.331***

1.213

1.46

Mother’s occupation

            

 Not workinga

            

 Working

      

0.951**

0.909

0.995

0.877***

0.836

0.92

 Household’s toilet type

            

 Unimproveda

            

 Improved (not shared)

      

0.671***

0.627

0.718

0.801***

0.742

0.865

Household’s source of drinking water

            

 Unimproveda

            

 Improved

      

0.991

0.936

1.05

1.014

0.955

1.077

Household’s type of cooking fuel

            

 Uncleana

            

 Clean

      

0.592***

0.538

0.651

0.694***

0.621

0.777

Place of residence

            

 Urbana

            

 Rural

      

1.088***

1.024

1.157

1.059

0.99

1.134

States

            

 States with type of child survival advantage

            

 Muslim advantageb

            

 Remained Hindu advantage

   

0.843***

0.894

0.796

   

1.073

0.983

1.171

 Shifted from Muslim to Hindu advantage

   

0.84***

0.886

0.797

   

1.106***

1.016

1.204

 Hindu advantagec

            

 Remained Muslim advantage

      

1.241***

1.184

1.3

1.295***

1.206

1.39

 Shifted from Hindu to Muslim advantaged

      

1.005

0.936

1.08

0.932**

  

 No. of observations

2,347,245

  

2,212,626

  

1,164,970

  

1,091,383

  

 Wald Chi2

68.68

  

5252.86

  

1843.05

  

4901.65

  

 Prob > Chi2

0.000

  

0.000

  

0.000

  

0.000

  
  1. aReference category
  2. bReference category only for model 2
  3. cReference category only for model 3
  4. dReference category only for Model 4
  5. ***p < 0.01; **p < 0.05; *p < 0.10
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