Explaining the diminishing of Muslim advantage in child survival in India

Ganguly, Dibyasree; Goli, Srinivas; Rammohan, Anu

doi:10.1186/s41118-022-00177-3

Genus

Journal of Population Sciences

Table 6 Change in socio-economic, demographic and health characteristics of Hindu and Muslim religions in India from 1992–1993 to 2015–2016

From: Explaining the diminishing of Muslim advantage in child survival in India

Predictor variables	1992–1993		1998–99		2005–06		2015–2016		Relationship with under 5 mortality	Advantage for #
Predictor variables	Hindu	Muslim	Hindu	Muslim	Hindu	Muslim	Hindu	Muslim		Advantage for #
Under 5 deaths
No	84.29	86.76	86.15	89.18	87.89	89.61	92.83	93.55		Hindu
Yes	15.71	13.24	13.85	10.82	12.11	10.39	7.17	6.45		Hindu
Child sex
Male	51.83	51.04	52.06	51.97	51.98	51.64	52.66	52.36		Hindu
Female	48.17	48.96	47.94	48.03	48.02	48.36	47.34	47.64		Hindu
Birth order									0.029***
1	28.86	24.65	30.31	25.48	32.26	26.91	38.52	32.22		Hindu
2	23.99	20.82	25.40	21.63	26.77	23.08	30.62	26.28
3	17.96	16.71	18.15	16.87	17.69	17.30	16.29	17.64
3 +	29.19	37.82	26.14	36.02	23.27	32.71	14.57	23.86
Births spacing
Less than 3 years	48.79	54.51	49.03	55.29	46.76	51.84	40.39	45.59		Muslim
3 years and above	22.22	20.69	20.53	19.10	20.82	21.13	20.87	22.00
Do not know/missing	28.98	24.8	30.44	25.61	32.43	27.03	38.74	32.41
Mother’s current age									0.002
Below 18	0.53	0.62	0.52	0.69	0.27	0.34	0.06	0.09		Muslim
18–29 years	29.84	30.38	29.72	28.75	27.42	28.52	23.69	24.08
30–39 years	38.17	39.48	38.38	39.59	39.37	41.61	38.12	38.42
40–49 years	31.46	29.52	31.38	30.97	32.94	29.54	38.12	37.41
Mother’s age at marriage									− 0.067***
Below 18	73.61	76.49	73.03	73.11	69.40	70.1	50.57	52.35		Muslim
18–21 years	22.33	20.55	22.59	24.05	25.01	26.22	32.03	32.11
21 above	4.06	2.96	4.38	2.84	5.58	3.67	11.86	10.71
Do not know/missing	1.10	1.52	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.00	5.53	4.81
Mother’s age at first birth									− 0.053***
Below 18	44.93	52.21	46.62	49.05	40.33	45.76	25.75	28.90		Muslim
18–21 years	41.82	37.58	39.98	40.85	43.54	42.49	46.89	47.19
21 above	13.25	10.19	13.40	10.09	16.14	11.75	27.29	23.86
Do not know/Missing	1.10	1.52	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.07	0.05
Mother’s education									− 0.107***
No	70.11	72.56	63.81	65.62	59.91	66.52	45.68	51.37		Hindu
Yes	29.89	27.44	36.19	34.38	40.09	33.48	54.31	48.62		Hindu
Mother’s occupation									0.034***
Not working	62.06	81.89	54.34	78.08	47.14	71.13	62.28	80.96		Muslim
Working	37.93	18.10	45.66	21.92	52.86	28.87	37.71	19.04	− 0.007***	Muslim
Mother’s sex preference
Son preference	41.24	35.80	36.39	31.40	30.97	32.69	26.45	29.55		Hindu
Others	58.78	64.20	63.61	68.60	69.03	67.31	73.55	70.45		Hindu
Mother’s mass media exposure									− 0.086***
No	62.91	63.82	51.87	52.21	49.43	55.29	43.40	50.31		Hindu
Yes	37.09	36.18	48.13	47.79	50.57	44.71	56.60	49.69		Hindu
Household’s head age									0.000
Below 21	0.79	0.60	0.61	0.65	0.34	0.63	0.14	0.26		Hindu
21–29 years	6.67	6.68	6.62	6.00	6.33	7.56	5.74	6.310
30–39 years	25.14	26.25	25.55	25.14	24.02	27.48	23.31	24.10
40–49 years	31.45	32.37	32.58	32.64	34.89	33.65	35.25	35.32
50 above	35.91	34.08	34.60	35.57	31.41	30.67	35.55	33.99
Do not know/missing	0.04	0.02	0.04	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.01
Household head education									− 0.051***
Illiterate	44.32	49.27	38.02	43.34	39.55	50.21	32.04	41.90		Hindu
Primary	28.22	30.03	23.97	25.95	19.28	20.27	18.95	22.57
Secondary	22.01	17.71	27.33	24.38	34.75	26.32	41.20	31.48
Higher	5.45	2.99	10.68	6.33	6.42	3.21	7.81	4.06
Household’s wealth status									− 0.105***
Poorest	23.47	17.87	23.79	18.41	23.76	21.36	24.21	20.79		Hindu
Poorer	21.53	20.98	22.50	19.93	22.72	22.11	21.94	21.93
Middle	20.97	18.65	20.82	19.17	20.35	20.88	20.36	20.04
Richer	18.26	23.53	17.57	24.36	17.91	21.39	18.08	21.52
Richest	15.78	18.97	15.32	18.13	15.26	14.25	15.41	15.72
Household size									− 0.106***
Below 3	1.32	0.74	1.55	0.63	2.57	1.51	2.73	1.48		Hindu
3	4.46	2.75	5.01	2.79	7.23	3.91	8.56	5.53
4	10.49	6.49	1.31	7.07	16.03	10.83	20.83	14.18
5 +	83.72	90.01	80.29	89.52	74.14	83.76	67.82	78.76
Do not know/missing	0.01	0.02	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.07	0.05
Toilet facility									− 0.086***
Unimproved	83.56	76.01	73.55	46.40	66.27	53.04	52.89	35.85		Muslim
Improved not shared	16.43	23.98	26.44	53.59	30.11	43.58	47.04	64.10
Do not know/missing	0.01	0.02	0.01	0.01	3.62	3.38	0.07	0.05
Source of drinking water									0.001
Unimproved	5.68	5.23	21.65	14.64	13.44	7.34	10.13	6.53		Muslim
Improved	94.31	94.75	78.33	85.36	83.02	89.37	87.34	90.97
Do not know/missing	0.01	0.02	0.01	0.00	3.52	3.29	2.53	2.50
Cooking fuel									− 0.080***
Polluting	90.89	93.18	86.51	87.19	77.82	80.44	62.65	59.60		Muslim
Clean	9.10	6.81	13.48	12.78	18.66	16.23	34.82	37.90
Do not know/missing	0.01	0.02	0.01	0.02	3.52	3.34	2.53	2.50
Place of residence									0.070***
Urban	21.59	35.44	21.38	33.90	25.29	35.48	27.41	41.94		Muslim
Rural	78.41	64.56	78.62	66.10	74.71	64.52	72.59	58.06		Muslim
Years lived in place of residence									0.021***
Below 5 years	7.63	7.27	7.32	7.68	8.84	8.59	12.73	13.92		Hindu
5–10 years	17.46	15.94	17.95	17.41	17.54	16.36	20.44	20.15
11 years and above	74.90	76.78	74.74	74.91	73.62	75.05	66.83	65.93

Weighted proportion; # “Advantage for” signifies improvement in the disadvantage category of the variable over the period. *Others includes “girl preference” and “no preference”

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