Explaining the diminishing of Muslim advantage in child survival in India

Ganguly, Dibyasree; Goli, Srinivas; Rammohan, Anu

doi:10.1186/s41118-022-00177-3

Genus

Journal of Population Sciences

Table 8 Robustness check for results in Table 5 using additional predictor variables and the last birth sample: Cox proportional hazard model showing the relative risk of under-five mortality by religion

From: Explaining the diminishing of Muslim advantage in child survival in India

Predictor variables	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3			Model 4
	Gross effects			Net of Hindu advantage factors			Net of Muslim advantage factors			Net of both Muslim and Hindu advantage factors
	Hazard ratios	95% CI		Hazard ratios	95% CI		Hazard ratios	95% CI		Hazard ratios	95% CI
		LL	UL		LL	UL		LL	UL		LL	UL
Religion
Hindu^a
Muslim	0.932***	0.899	0.966	0.825***	0.78	0.874	0.866***	0.812	0.924	0.891***	0.827	0.96
Others	0.709***	0.678	0.742	0.861***	0.773	0.959	0.89**	0.806	0.982	0.883**	0.78	1.001
Child sex
Male^a
Female				1.066***	1.024	1.11				1.069***	1.016	1.124
Duration of breastfeeding
Less than 6 months^a
More than 6 months				0.03***	0.028	0.033				0.026***	0.024	0.028
Birth order
1^a
2				1.096***	1.034	1.162				1.878***	1.431	2.464
3				1.417***	1.324	1.516				2.429***	1.832	3.22
3 +				1.956***	1.818	2.106				3.635***	2.74	4.823
Mother’s education
No^a
Yes				0.655***	0.623	0.688				0.816***	0.765	0.87
Mother’s mass media exposure
No^a
Yes				0.862***	0.821	0.904				0.951	0.895	1.011
Mother’s sex preference
Son preference^a
Daughter or no preference				0.839***	0.802	0.877				0.871***	0.826	0.919
Household’s head age
Below 21^a
21–29 years				0.771**	0.605	0.984				0.918	0.683	1.233
30–39 years				0.697***	0.548	0.886				0.942	0.704	1.261
40–49 years				0.844	0.661	1.078				1.271	0.944	1.711
50 above				1.031	0.809	1.314				1.426**	1.062	1.915
Household’s head education
Illiterate^a
Primary				1.062**	1.008	1.118				1.09**	1.006	1.182
Secondary				0.836***	0.791	0.882				1.031	0.94	1.132
Higher				0.779***	0.696	0.873				1.227**	1.017	1.481
Household’s head wealth quintiles
Poorest^a
Poorer				1.062**	1.005	1.122				1.006	0.937	1.079
Middle				1.045	0.985	1.11				1.017	0.944	1.096
Richer				0.823***	0.767	0.882				0.896**	0.817	0.982
Richest				0.65***	0.592	0.713				0.994	0.867	1.139
Household size
Below 3^a
3				0.528***	0.449	0.62				0.592***	0.483	0.727
4				0.317***	0.271	0.37				0.399***	0.329	0.484
5 +				0.21***	0.18	0.245				0.248***	0.205	0.3
Years lived in place of residence
Below 5 years^a
5–10 years				0.561***	0.53	0.593				0.545***	0.504	0.588
11 years and above				0.49***	0.459	0.522				0.52***	0.477	0.566
Birth weight
Low^a
High							0.407***	0.356	0.465	0.605***	0.52	0.704
Not weighted							1.168***	1.046	1.303	1.37***	1.2	1.564
Birth spacing
Less than 3 years^a
3 years and above							0.717***	0.675	0.761	0.949	0.887	1.016
Mother’s current age
Below 18^a
18–29 years							0.251***	0.22	0.288	0.329***	0.28	0.387
30–39 years							0.206***	0.177	0.239	0.218***	0.181	0.263
40–49 years							0.234***	0.195	0.281	0.177***	0.14	0.225
Mother’s age at marriage
Below 18^a
18–21 years							0.849***	0.799	0.902	0.857***	0.799	0.919
21 above							0.88**	0.784	0.988	0.87**	0.762	0.994
Mother’s age at first birth
Below 18^a
18–21 years							1.044	0.988	1.102	1.141***	1.067	1.219
21 above							1.256***	1.153	1.369	1.286***	1.153	1.436
Mother’s occupation
Not working^a
Working							0.878**	0.838	0.92	0.902***	0.853	0.954
Partner’s education
Illiterate^a
Primary							0.967	0.913	1.023	0.964	0.883	1.052
Secondary							0.767***	0.727	0.81	0.84***	0.768	0.92
Higher							0.702***	0.634	0.776	0.74***	0.625	0.876
Partner’s occupation
Not working^a
White collar							0.866	0.732	1.024	0.942	0.776	1.142
Agricultural worker							0.955	0.812	1.122	1.067	0.885	1.286
Service/manual worker							0.831**	0.705	0.978	0.877	0.725	1.06
Type toilet facility at household
Unimproved^a
Improved (not shared)							0.788***	0.735	0.844	0.85***	0.781	0.925
Household’s source of drinking water
Unimproved^a
Improved							0.966	0.911	1.024	0.878***	0.82	0.941
Type of cooking fuel used at household
Unclean^a
Clean							0.724***	0.655	0.801	0.664***	0.591	0.745
Place of residence
Urban^a
Rural							0.998	0.937	1.063	1.052	0.972	1.137
States with type of child survival advantage
Muslim advantage^b
Remained Hindu advantage				0.931**	0.879	0.986				1.176***	1.064	1.3
Shifted from Muslim to Hindu advantage				0.894***	0.844	0.948				1.201***	1.085	1.329
Hindu advantage^c							1.175***	1.12	1.232	1.31***	1.203	1.428
Remained Muslim advantage							0.938*	0.872	1.009
Shifted from Hindu to Muslim advantage^d							0.898***	0.84	0.961
No. of observations	425,253			400,864			211,059			197,727
Wald Chi²	227.28			19,919.54			3377.75			16,216.65
Prob > Chi²	0.000			0.000			0.000			0.000

^aReference category
^bReference category only for model 2
^cReference category only for model 3
^dReference category only for Model 4
***p < 0.01; **p < 0.05; *p < 0.10

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