Skip to main content

Journal of Population Sciences

Table 1 List of sources and measures of employment uncertainty

From: Measuring the effect of employment uncertainty on fertility in low-fertility contexts: an overview of existing measures

Paper

Measure

Sex*

Parity/behaviour

Country

Lagged

Obj./Subj

Micro/macro

Method

Adsera (2011a)

Macro: Female unemployment rate, national long-term unemployment rate

Share of public sector, self-employment, or part-time worker

Interacted with female labour force participation rate

F

Second

Multiple

12 months

Obj

Macro

Cox proportional hazard model

Adsera (2011b)

Employment status: Working or unemployed/inactive

F

Second

Third

Multiple

7 months

Obj

Micro

Cox proportional hazard model

Alderotti (2022)

Employment status: Working or unemployed/inactive

F

First

Italy

9 months

Obj

Micro

Cox proportional hazard model

Baizán (2005)

Employment status: Employed, unemployed, student, or housewife; public/private sector; permanent, temporary, or self-employed; full/part-time

F

Second + 

Denmark

Italy

Spain

UK

9 months

Obj

Micro

Piecewise constant exponential model

Baizán (2009)

Employment status: Same variables as in Baizán (2005), but using time-varying variables

F

First

Second + 

Spain

9 months

Obj

Micro

Piecewise constant exponential model with fixed regional effects

Barbieri et al. (2015)

Employment status: 4 employment categories: permanent, self-employed, atypical, and non-standard

Binary indicator of insecure work (atypical or non-standard) and secure work (permanent or self-employed)

F

First

Italy

Spain

12 months

Obj

Micro

Discrete time event history analysis

Begall and Mills (2011)

Job characteristics: 3 measures: perceived work control, job strain, importance placed on combining work and family

F

Intentions

Multiple

Subj

Micro

Multilevel logit regression

Bernardi and Nazio (2005)

Occupational class: 8 occupational classifications split into economically secure/insecure

B

First

Italy

9 months

Obj

Micro

Piecewise constant exponential model

Bhaumik and Nugent (2011)

Subjective perception of security: Indicator combing subjective measure of risk of losing job (employed) and ease of finding job (unemployed)

F

Likelihood of childbirth

East and West Germany

Subj

Micro

Random effect probit regression

Busetta et al. (2019)

Number and duration of job spells: Indicator combining number, duration, pairwise proximity, and recentness of years with discontinuous employment

C

Intentions

Italy

Obj

Micro

Ordered logit regression

Campisi et al. (2022)

Macro: Municipal-level economic inactive rate

Total and age-specific fertility rates

Denmark

Finland

Norway

Sweden

Obj

Macro

Random effect spatial panel regression

Ciganda (2015)

Number and duration of job spells: Indicator combining number and duration of spells in “unstable” states

B

First

France

?

Obj

Micro

Sequence analysis,

Logit regression

Comolli (2021)

Employment status: 7 category classification of couple-level employment and income situation

C

First

United States

Previous wave (t-1)

Obj

Micro

Linear probability model

Fahlén and Oláh (2018)

Subjective perception of security: Job security, income security

B

Intentions

Multiple

Subj

Micro

Logit regression

-

Macro: Employment Protection Legislation Index

Obj

Macro

Gatta et al. (2021)

Perception of resilience: Likelihood to lose job, likelihood to find a new job in case of job loss

B

Intentions

Italy

Subj

Micro

Ordered logit regression

Goldstein et al. (2013)

Macro: Unemployment rate

Total and Age-specific Fertility Rates

Multiple

12 months

Obj

Macro

Fixed-effects model

Golsch (2003)

Employment status: Contract length + full/part-time

B

First

Spain

12 months

Obj

Micro

Logit regression

-

Subjective perception of security: Job satisfaction

Subj

Micro

Guetto et al. (2022)

Experimental methods: Participants read news about various economic forecasts

B

Intentions

Italy

Subj

Macro

Stepwise OLS regression

Hanappi et al. (2017)

Subjective perception of security: Job security

Indicator of rising or falling insecurity (for individual and partner)

C

Intentions to outcomes

Switzerland

Subj

Micro

Logit regression

Hofmann and Hohmeyer (2013)

Subjective perception of security: Financial security

F

Likelihood of becoming pregnant

Germany

12 months

Subj

Micro

Instrumental variable regression

Kravdal (2002)

Macro: Regional unemployment rate, sector-specific unemployment rate

B

First

Second + 

Norway

12 months

Obj

Macro

Poisson continuous time hazard regression

Kreyenfeld (2010)

Subjective perception of security: Worry about losing employment

F

First

Germany

9 months

Subj

Micro

Piecewise constant exponential model

Kurowska et al. (2022)

Job characteristics: Access to home-based work

B

Intentions

Poland

Obj

Micro

Multinomial logit regression

Lappegård et al. (2022)

Experimental methods: Participants read news about various economic forecasts

C

Intentions

Norway

Subj

Macro

Linear regression

Miettinen and Jalovaara (2020)

Employment status: Employment status, unemployed split between short- and long-term

B

First

Finland

7 months

Obj

Micro

Piecewise constant exponential model

Özcan et al. (2010)

Number and duration of job spells: Number of months, number of unemployment spells, number of prior job shifts

B

First

Germany

12 months

Obj

Micro

Piecewise constant exponential model

Pailhé and Solaz (2012)

Employment status: Long-term, short-term, unemployment, or homemaker

Employment status at union formation

B

First completed

France

Previous year (t-1)

Fixed

Obj

Micro

Cox proportional hazard model

-

Number and duration of job spells: Ratio of years spent in unemployed/short-term employment over permanent employment since union formation

?

Obj

Micro

-

Macro: Gender-specific unemployment rates

Previous year

(t-1)

Obj

Macro

Schmitt (2008)

Income: Relative income within partnership

Net personal income

B

First

Finland

France

Germany

UK

10 months

Obj

Micro

Piecewise constant exponential model

Schmitt (2008)

Number and duration of job spells: Number of long-term employment spells (4 + months)

Obj

Micro

Piecewise constant exponential model

Schmitt (2012)

Job characteristics: Hours of overtime worked

B

First

Germany

UK

10 months

Obj

Micro

Piecewise constant exponential model

-

Career making: Index of being underqualified, properly qualified, or overqualified for first position

Obj.1

Micro

Schmitt (2021)

Perception of resilience: A question of risk tolerance is paired with employment status

B

First

Germany

10 months

Subj

Micro

Cox proportional hazard model

-

Number and duration of job spells: Indicator of months unemployed over total number of months

Obj

Micro

van Wijk et al. (2021)

Subjective perception of security: Individual perceives risk of losing job and worries about losing job

F

First

Netherlands

9 months

Obj

Micro

Discrete time event history analysis

Vignoli et al. (2020b)

Job characteristics: Subjective well-being

C

Intentions

(Childless, Higher parity)

Multiple

Subj

Micro

Logit regression

Vignoli et al. (2020c)

Employment status: Employment contact type

B

First

Italy

Obj

Micro

Average treatment effect for the treated

Wood and Neels (2017)

Employment status: 11 categories combining partnership status and partner’s employment status

5 categories of women's employment status

F

First

Second

Third

Belgium

12 months

Obj

Micro

Discrete time event history analysis

  1. * F = females, B = both sexes, C = couples.1 The index is derived from objective measures with an explicit goal of capturing unreportedsubjective perceptions