Uptake of formal childcare among second generation and native mothers in Belgium: can increasing local childcare availability narrow migrant-native gaps?

Genus

Journal of Population Sciences

Table 4 Municipality-level fixed-effects logit models for the uptake of formal childcare, native and second generation Turkish mothers

	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 4
	OR	sig	OR	sig	OR	sig	OR	sig
Constant	0.74	***	1.01	n.s	1.01	n.s	0.39	***
Municipality fixed effects
Effect coded dummies	Included		Included		Included		Included
Childcare coverage
Coverage (linear)	1.05	***	1.04	***	1.04	***	1.03	***
Coverage (quadratic)	1.00	***	1.00	***	1.00	***	1.00	***
Origin (ref. native)
2G Turkey			0.11	***	0.13	***	0.28	***
2G Turkey * municipality			included		included		included
Coverage * origin
Coverage (linear) * 2G Turkey					0.98	n.s	0.97	n.s
Coverage (quadratic) * 2G Turkey					1.00	n.s	1.00	n.s
Mothers’ educational level (ref. high)
Low							0.18	***
Medium							0.36	***
Unknown							0.29	***
Mothers’ age at first childbirth							1.05	***
Child’s age at end of the year							1.29	***
Origin father (ref. native)
First generation migrant							0.69	***
Second generation migrant							0.80	***
Unknown							1.0	n.s
N	225,171		225,171		225,171		225,171
R²	0.0354		0.051		0.051		0.1288
df	20		38		40		48
Log likelihood	− 135,493		− 133,293		− 133,292		− 122,373

Source: Belgian Census 2011 linked to longitudinal register data, longitudinal tax return data on childcare expenses and municipality-level data on childcare coverage from K&G and ONE. Calculations by authors
Significant levels: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001