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Journal of Population Sciences

Table 1 Parenting leave entitlement components for tiered systems

From: Access to parenting leaves for recent immigrants: a cross-national view of policy architecture in Europe

Country

Universal parenthood/universal safety net

Selective parenthood/means-tested safety net

Universal adult worker/labour market attachment and child’s entitlement to care by both parents

Selective adult worker/strong labour market attachment, focus on women’s work and care

Belgium (federal state level)

Yes

All resident mothers (one off payment)

No

No

Yes

Maternity entitlement more extensive than paternity (self-employed and unemployed fathers excluded)

Parental leave is degendered and available to employees after 12 months

Germany

Yes

Parental leave widely available on lower rate benefit (asylum seekers eligible after 3 years). All resident mothers have access to maternity leave

Yes

Resident mothers may apply for benefit if not otherwise eligible

Yes

Lower benefit if working for less than 12 months previously to leave

No

Italy

Yes

All resident mothers (one off payment)

Yes

Maternity allowance for unemployed women

Yes

Earnings and contract related maternity, paternity, parental leave and benefits

No

Spain

No

Yes

Non-contributory means tested family benefits available

Yes

Birth leave available to all workers but earnings related benefit has qualifying period

Yes

(Unpaid) parental leave only available to employees

Sweden

Yes

All resident parents are eligible to leave and flat rate

No

Yes

Available to all workers but earnings related benefit has qualifying period

No

UK

No

Yes

Means tested family benefits available

No

Yes

Maternity leave (include transferable maternity leave/shared parental leave), paternity leave, (unpaid parental leave)

  1. Sources: See individual country notes in Koslowski et al., 2021 (Addabbo et al., 2021; Atkinson et al., 2021; Duvander & Löfgren, 2021; Fuselier & Mortelmans, 2021; Meil et al., 2021; Reimer et al., 2021)