Table 3 Multivariate linear regression models explaining proportion of unexcused absences from school

Family structure (ref. two-parent)

 Single-parent

0.028*** (0.008)

0.019** (0.008)

0.011 (0.007)

0.011 (0.007)

0.011 (0.007)

Sex (ref. girl)

 Boy

0.004 (0.003)

0.004 (0.003)

0.004 (0.003)

0.004 (0.003)

0.004 (0.003)

Nationality of adolescent (ref. Spanish)

 Other nationalities

0.003 (0.008)

− 0.011 (0.008)

− 0.010 (0.008)

− 0.011 (0.008)

− 0.014* (0.009)

Age of reference person (ref. ≥ 50)

 < 40

0.017** (0.007)

0.016** (0.007)

0.016** (0.007)

0.016** (0.007)

0.015** (0.007)

 40–49

− 0.001 (0.003)

0.000 (0.003)

− 0.000 (0.003)

− 0.000 (0.003)

0.000 (0.003)

Presence of siblings (ref. no)

 Yes

0.002 (0.005)

0.002 (0.005)

0.002 (0.005)

0.002 (0.005)

0.003 (0.005)

Highest level of parental education (ref. university)

 Lower secondary education or less

0.034*** (0.003)

0.023*** (0.003)

0.023*** (0.003)

0.024*** (0.003)

0.019*** (0.003)

 Secondary or upper secondary

0.012*** (0.002)

0.006** (0.003)

0.006** (0.003)

0.007** (0.003)

0.003 (0.003)

Net monthly household income (ref. ≥ 2700 €)

 ≤ 1000 €

0.013*** (0.005)

0.014*** (0.005)

0.014*** (0.005)

0.010** (0.005)

 1001–1800 €

0.006* (0.003)

0.006* (0.003)

0.006* (0.003)

0.003 (0.003)

 1801–2700 €

0.002 (0.003)

0.002 (0.003)

0.002 (0.003)

0.001 (0.003)

Employment status of reference person (ref. works full time)

 Working part-time

0.004 (0.008)

0.004 (0.008)

0.004 (0.008)

0.003 (0.008)

 Unemployed

0.007 (0.006)

0.007 (0.006)

0.006 (0.006)

0.007 (0.006)

 Inactive

0.009 (0.007)

0.008 (0.007)

0.007 (0.007)

0.006 (0.007)

Housing tenure (ref. owned)

 Rented, leased, or free of charge

0.022*** (0.006)

0.021*** (0.006)

0.021*** (0.006)

0.020*** (0.006)

Relationship with mother (ref. good or very good)

 Fair/poor/very poor

0.018 (0.011)

0.018 (0.011)

0.013 (0.012)

Relationship with father (ref. good or very good)

 Fair/poor/very poor

0.018** (0.008)

0.018** (0.008)

0.017** (0.008)

Mother’s concern about homework (ref. a lot/quite a lot)

 Little/none

0.011*** (0.004)

0.012*** (0.004)

Mother’s concern about grades (ref. a lot/quite a lot)

 Little/none

− 0.001 (0.007)

− 0.002 (0.007)

Father’s concern about homework (ref. a lot/quite a lot)

 Little/none

− 0.009*** (0.003)

− 0.009*** (0.003)

Parent’s concern about grades (ref. a lot/quite a lot)

 Little/none

0.002 (0.005)

0.001 (0.005)

Teacher–student relationship

− 0.005** (0.002)

Student atmosphere

− 0.003 (0.002)

School violence (ref. no)

 Yes

0.000 (0.003)

 Yes, against me

0.039 (0.027)

Ownership of school (ref. private or subsidised)

 Public

0.016*** (0.003)

Intercept

0.011 (0.008)

0.011 (0.008)

0.010 (0.008)

0.010 (0.009)

0.003 (0.009)

N

2279

2279

2279

2279

2279

R²

0.073

0.093

0.102

0.106

0.127