Journal of Population Sciences
Table 3 Ordinal logistic models for fathers’ involvement in some childcare activities—β coefficients (coefficients predicting lower involvement of fathers—3093 observations).
From: The involvement in childcare of married and cohabiting fathers: evidence from Italy
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A. Putting the child to sleep | |||||
Type of union (ref: marriage without pre-marital cohabitation) | |||||
Marriage with pre-marital cohabitation | − 0.13 | − 0.12 | − 0.11 | − 0.09 | − 0.09 |
Cohabitation | − 0.05 | − 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.01 |
Only child (ref: no) | |||||
Yes | − 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.06 | |
Child’s age (ref: 0) | |||||
1 | 0.03 | 0.03 | − 0.01 | − 0.01 | |
2 | − 0.01 | − 0.00 | − 0.02 | − 0.01 | |
3 | 0.31*** | 0.32*** | 0.31*** | 0.39*** | |
Child’s gender (ref: F) | |||||
Male | − 0.10 | − 0.11 | − 0.10 | − 0.10 | |
Union duration | 0.02*** | 0.01** | 0.01* | ||
Educational status of parents (ref: low) | |||||
High | − 0.40*** | − 0.40*** | |||
Medium | − 0.25*** | − 0.23*** | |||
Parental employment (ref: empl. father and non-empl. mother) | |||||
Empl. father, full-time empl. mother | − 0.19** | − 0.18** | |||
Empl. father, part-time empl. mother | − 0.21** | − 0.20** | |||
Other | − 0.42*** | − 0.44*** | |||
Father’s age (ref: under 35) | |||||
35–39 | − 0.05 | − 0.05 | |||
> 40 | 0.03 | 0.02 | |||
Grandparents involved in childcare (ref: No) | |||||
Yes | − 0.03 | ||||
Childcare by a babysitter (ref: No) | |||||
Yes | 0.30* | ||||
Crechè (ref: No) | |||||
Yes | − 0.10 | ||||
Household economic resources (ref: sufficient) | |||||
Insufficient | 0.08 | ||||
Area of residence (ref: South) | |||||
Centre | − 0.01 | ||||
North | 0.04 | ||||
Year of the survey (ref: 2003) | |||||
2009 | − 0.01 | ||||
B. Dressing the child | |||||
Type of union (ref: marriage without pre-marital cohabitation) | |||||
Marriage with pre-marital cohabitation | − 0.20** | − 0.19** | − 0.15** | − 0.14 | − 0.08 |
Cohabitation | − 0.35*** | − 0.32*** | − 0.25** | − 0.24** | − 0.18 |
Only child (ref: no) | |||||
Yes | − 0.19*** | − 0.11 | − 0.04 | − 0.06 | |
Child’s age (ref: 0) | |||||
1 | 0.02 | 0.02 | − 0.03 | − 0.03 | |
2 | − 0.13 | −0.12 | − 0.16* | − 0.16 | |
3 | 0.19** | 0.20** | 0.18** | 0.21* | |
Child’s gender (ref: F) | |||||
Male | − 0.13** | − 0.13** | − 0.14** | − 0.14** | |
Union duration | 0.02*** | 0.02*** | 0.01* | ||
Educational status of parents (ref: low) | |||||
High | − 0.45*** | − 0.47*** | |||
Medium | − 0.30*** | − 0.29*** | |||
Parental employment (ref: empl. father and non-empl. mother) | |||||
Empl. father, full-time empl. mother | − 0.56*** | − 0.52*** | |||
Empl. father, part-time empl. mother | − 0.45*** | − 0.40*** | |||
Other | − 0.33** | − 0.38*** | |||
Father’s age (ref: under 35) | |||||
35–39 | 0.01 | 0.03 | |||
> 40 | − 0.03 | − 0.01 | |||
Grandparents involved in childcare (ref: No) | |||||
Yes | − 0.02 | ||||
Childcare by a babysitter (ref: No) | |||||
Yes | 0.14 | ||||
Crechè (ref: No) | |||||
Yes | − 0.04 | ||||
Household economic resources (ref: sufficient) | |||||
Insufficient | − 0.04 | ||||
Area of residence (ref: South) | |||||
Centre | − 0.22** | ||||
North | − 0.25*** | ||||
Year of the survey (ref: 2003) | |||||
2009 | − 0.09 | ||||
C. Changing nappies | |||||
Type of union (ref: marriage without pre-marital cohabitation) | |||||
Marriage with pre-marital cohabitation | − 0.30*** | − 0.28*** | − 0.28*** | − 0.22** | − 0.16 |
Cohabitation | − 0.36*** | − 0.26** | − 0.21* | − 0.18 | − 0.09 |
Only child (ref: no) | |||||
Yes | − 0.20*** | − 0.14** | − 0.08 | − 0.07 | |
Child’s age (ref: 0) | |||||
1 | 0.22** | 0.22** | 0.18* | 0.18* | |
2 | 0.42*** | 0.43*** | 0.39*** | 0.41*** | |
3 | 1.14*** | 1.15*** | 1.17*** | 1.17*** | |
Child’s gender (ref: F) | |||||
Male | − 0.11* | − 0.11* | − 0.11* | − 0.12* | |
Union duration | 0.02** | 0.02** | 0.02** | ||
Educational status of parents (ref: low) | |||||
High | − 0.46*** | − 0.51*** | |||
Medium | − 0.25*** | − 0.25*** | |||
Parental employment (ref: empl. father and non-empl. mother) | |||||
Empl. father, full-time empl. mother | − 0.63*** | − 0.58*** | |||
Empl. father, part-time empl. mother | − 0.45*** | − 0.35*** | |||
Other | − 0.20 | − 0.25* | |||
Father’s age (ref: under 35) | |||||
35–39 | − 0.05 | − 0.04 | |||
> 40 | − 0.12 | − 0.14 | |||
Grandparents involved in childcare (ref: No) | |||||
Yes | − 0.09 | ||||
Childcare by a babysitter (ref: No) | |||||
Yes | 0.12 | ||||
Crechè (ref: No) | |||||
Yes | 0.02 | ||||
Household economic resources (ref: sufficient) | |||||
Insufficient | − 0.15* | ||||
Area of residence (ref: South) | |||||
Centre | − 0.39*** | ||||
North | − 0.39*** | ||||
Year of the survey (ref: 2003) | |||||
2009 | 0.08 | ||||