Social origins, geographical mobility and occupational attainment in contemporary Italy

Genus

Journal of Population Sciences

Table 3 Effects of specific types of geographical mobility on occupational achievement by sex. Linear probability panel models with FE. Beta coefficients and robust se

	Employed		Upper class		Avoid WC		Avoid AGR
	λ	σ	λ	σ	λ	σ	λ	σ
Male
Different types of movement
M5: From rural to urban	0.04^**	(0.02)	0.03^*	(0.02)	− 0.01	(0.02)	0.03^***	(0.01)
M6: Toward big cities	0.08^***	(0.02)	0.02	(0.02)	− 0.04^*	(0.02)	0.01	(0.01)
M7: From urban to rural	0.01	(0.01)	0.02	(0.01)	0.01	(0.02)	0.01	(0.01)
Different distances
M8: GM > 50 km	0.07^***	(0.02)	0.05^***	(0.02)	− 0.03^*	(0.02)	0.00	(0.01)
M9: GM > 150 km	0.04^***	(0.01)	0.01	(0.01)	− 0.01	(0.01)	0.02^***	(0.01)
M10: GM > 300 km	0.02^**	(0.01)	0.01	(0.01)	− 0.00	(0.01)	0.02^***	(0.01)
Order of episodes
M11: First episode	0.04^***	(0.01)	0.02^**	(0.01)	− 0.01	(0.01)	0.02^**	(0.01)
M12: Second episode	0.04^**	(0.02)	0.02	(0.02)	− 0.03	(0.02)	0.02^*	(0.01)
M13: Third or more	0.03^*	(0.02)	0.02	(0.02)	− 0.03	(0.03)	0.04^***	(0.01)
Female
Different types of movement
M5: From rural to urban	0.05^**	(0.02)	0.04^***	(0.01)	0.00	(0.02)	0.01	(0.01)
M6: Toward big cities	0.08^***	(0.03)	0.07^***	(0.02)	0.01	(0.02)	− 0.02^***	(0.01)
M7: From urban to rural	− 0.01	(0.02)	0.01	(0.01)	0.03^*	(0.02)	− 0.02^**	(0.01)
Different distances
M8: GM > 50 km	0.03	(0.02)	0.03^**	(0.01)	− 0.02	(0.02)	− 0.00	(0.01)
M9: GM > 150 km	− 0.04^***	(0.02)	0.01	(0.01)	0.04^***	(0.01)	0.01	(0.01)
M10: GM > 300 km	− 0.04^***	(0.02)	0.01	(0.01)	0.03^***	(0.01)	0.00	(0.01)
Order of episodes
M11: First episode	− 0.05^***	(0.02)	0.01	(0.01)	0.05^***	(0.01)	0.01	(0.01)
M12: Second episode	− 0.01	(0.02)	0.03^**	(0.01)	0.03	(0.02)	0.02	(0.01)
M13: Third or more	− 0.03	(0.03)	0.03	(0.02)	0.02	(0.03)	0.02	(0.01)

All models control for region of current residence; enrollment in the educational system; marital status; parenthood; years (1955–2005) and age dummies (from 15 up to 55); highest educational level achieved. In addition, models from M2 on include an interaction term for geographical area of departure by geographical area of destination, defined in M2 as SNDep_it × SNDest_it, where SN is a dummy for south-north; in M3, as MacroDep_it × MacroDest_it, where Macro is macro regions (North-West, North-East, Center, South); in all models from M4 to M14 as RegDep_it × RegDest_it, where Reg is region
*** = p<0.001; ** = p<0.05; * = p<0.1