Journal of Population Sciences
Table 4 Average marginal effects and robust standard errors from logistic regression models of grandparent–grandchild contact, for grandparents stratified by grandchildren’s age: face-to-face, telephone and digital interactions
From: Determinants of grandparent–grandchild digital contact in Italy
A | All grandchildren aged 0-13, AMEs (SE) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||
Face-to-face | Telephone | Digital | Digital | |
Grandparent characteristics | ||||
Gender (ref = men) | ||||
Women | 0.012 (0.015) | 0.059 (0.023)** | − 0.011 (0.015) | − 0.021 (0.014) |
Birth cohort (ref = post-1950) | ||||
Pre-1939 | − 0.074 (0.031)** | 0.041 (0.044) | − 0.133 (0.015)*** | − 0.137 (0.014)*** |
1940–1949 | 0.001 (0.017) | 0.033 (0.025) | − 0.049 (0.016)*** | − 0.055 (0.015)*** |
Marital status (ref = married) | ||||
Separated/divorced/never married | − 0.065 (0.025)*** | − 0.014 (0.036) | − 0.007 (0.021) | − 0.009 (0.020) |
Widowed | − 0.043 (0.024)* | 0.052 (0.035) | − 0.003 (0.024) | − 0.016 (0.021) |
Functional limitations in daily activities (ref = no limitations) | ||||
No response | − 0.044 (0.032) | 0.045 (0.045) | 0.029 (0.032) | 0.016 (0.029) |
Severe | − 0.055 (0.031)* | − 0.047 (0.045) | − 0.057 (0.025)** | − 0.048 (0.026)* |
Light | − 0.065 (0.022)*** | − 0.103 (0.032)*** | − 0.044 (0.019)** | − 0.038 (0.019)** |
Educational level (ref = low) | ||||
High | − 0.027 (0.028) | − 0.055 (0.042) | 0.067 (0.029)** | 0.074 (0.028)** |
Middle | − 0.029 (0.016)* | − 0.013 (0.023) | 0.046 (0.015)*** | 0.043 (0.015)*** |
Occupational condition (ref = unemployed/retired/other) | ||||
In paid work | − 0.010 (0.020) | − 0.050 (0.029)* | 0.003 (0.017) | 0.014 (0.017) |
Principal source of income (ref = own income) | ||||
Maintained | − 0.013 (0.023) | − 0.041 (0.033) | − 0.012 (0.020) | − 0.006 (0.019) |
Network (ref = no friends or neighbours) | ||||
At least one friend or neighbour | 0.025 (0.014)* | 0.037 (0.021)* | 0.021 (0.014) | 0.018 (0.013) |
Geographical area (ref = South and Islands) | ||||
North | − 0.003 (0.015) | − 0.145 (0.023)*** | − 0.038 (0.015)** | − 0.012 (0.014) |
Centre | 0.018 (0.020) | − 0.038 (0.030) | 0.008 (0.021) | 0.020 (0.019) |
Degree of urbanisation (ref = low) | ||||
High | − 0.058 (0.020)*** | 0.100 (0.029)*** | 0.064 (0.019)*** | 0.048 (0.018)*** |
Middle | − 0.008 (0.016) | 0.057 (0.025)** | 0.024 (0.015) | 0.017 (0.015) |
Number of grandchildren (ref = 3) | ||||
1 | − 0.048 (0.026)* | − 0.079 (0.039)** | − 0.021 (0.026) | − 0.009 (0.024) |
2 | − 0.023 (0.021) | 0.004 (0.032) | − 0.017 (0.023) | − 0.015 (0.021) |
Grandchildren characteristics | ||||
Grandchildren gender (ref = all men) | ||||
Mixed | 0.018 (0.021) | 0.030 (0.030) | − 0.019 (0.018) | − 0.023 (0.017) |
All women | 0.018 (0.016) | 0.010 (0.024) | 0.014 (0.016) | 0.014 (0.016) |
Living distance from grandchildren (ref = within 16 km) | ||||
Further than 16 km | − 0.652 (0.019)*** | 0.079 (0.023)*** | 0.102 (0.017)*** | 0.038 (0.020)* |
Mixed | 0.015 (0.028) | 0.072 (0.048) | 0.081 (0.036)** | 0.080 (0.035)** |
Face-to-face | ||||
At least few times a week | − 0.068 (0.023) | |||
Telephone | ||||
At least few times a week | 0.164 (0.012) | |||
B | All grandchildren aged 14+, AMEs (SE) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||
Face-to-face | Telephone | Digital | Digital | |
Grandparent characteristics | ||||
Gender (ref = men) | ||||
Women | 0.025 (0.032) | 0.035 (0.036) | − 0.007 (0.017) | − 0.013 (0.017) |
Birth cohort (ref = post-1950) | ||||
Pre-1939 | − 0.037 (0.072) | 0.004 (0.085) | − 0.076 (0.045)* | − 0.081 (0.046)* |
1940–1949 | − 0.003 (0.070) | 0.034 (0.083) | − 0.026 (0.044) | − 0.031 (0.044) |
Marital status (ref = married) | ||||
Separated/divorced/never married | − 0.159 (0.072)** | − .208 (0.066)*** | 0.010 (0.026) | 0.026 (0.030) |
Widowed | − 0.034 (0.032) | − 0.103 (0.037)*** | 0.010 (0.017) | 0.016 (0.017) |
Functional limitations in daily activities (ref = no limitations) | ||||
No response | − 0.164 (0.072)** | − 0.015 (0.077) | 0.030 (0.046) | 0.038 (0.046) |
Severe | − 0.033 (0.036) | − 0.100 (0.043)** | − 0.029 (0.018) | − 0.028 (0.018) |
Light | − 0.022 (0.031) | − 0.037 (0.036) | − 0.009 (0.016) | − 0.009 (0.016) |
Educational level (ref = low) | ||||
High | 0.053 (0.080) | 0.015 (0.098) | 0.028 (0.040) | 0.041 (0.044) |
Middle | − 0.005 (0.039) | 0.138 (0.043)*** | 0.029 (0.021) | 0.024 (0.019) |
Occupational condition (ref = unemployed/retired/other) | ||||
In paid work | − 0.121 (0.104) | 0.118 (0.099) | 0.071 (0.051) | 0.052 (0.046) |
Principal source of income (ref = own income) | ||||
Maintained | 0.062 (0.048) | 0.132 (0.057)** | − 0.005 (0.026) | − 0.011 (0.023) |
Network (ref = no friends or neighbours) | ||||
At least one friend or neighbour | 0.029 (0.026) | 0.058 (0.030)* | 0.067 (0.013)*** | 0.064 (0.012)*** |
Geographical area (ref = South and Islands) | ||||
North | − 0.055 (0.031)* | − 0.103 (0.036)*** | 0.011 (0.016) | 0.014 (0.016) |
Centre | − 0.035 (0.037) | − 0.013 (0.043) | 0.001 (0.019) | 0.003 (0.019) |
Degree of urbanisation (ref = low) | ||||
High | − 0.132 (0.036)*** | 0.012 (0.043) | 0.041 (0.021)** | 0.037 (0.020)* |
Middle | − 0.058 (0.030)* | − 0.043 (0.036) | − 0.006 (0.015) | − 0.007 (0.015) |
Number of grandchildren (ref = 3) | ||||
1 | − 0.052 (0.044) | − 0.028 (0.052) | − 0.047 (0.026)* | − 0.047 (0.026)* |
2 | − 0.058 (0.032)* | 0.043 (0.038) | − 0.052 (0.023)** | − 0.052 (0.022)** |
Grandchildren's characteristics | ||||
Grandchildren gender (ref = all men) | ||||
Mixed | − 0.017 (0.038) | 0.015 (0.044) | − 0.012 (0.018) | − 0.016 (0.018) |
All women | 0.018 (0.034) | 0.145 (0.039)*** | 0.053 (0.021)** | 0.043 (0.020)** |
Living distance from grandchildren (ref = within 16 km) | ||||
Further than 16 km | − 0.620 (0.027)*** | − 0.075 (0.037)** | 0.029 (0.018) | 0.043 (0.025)* |
Mixed | − 0.111 (0.046)** | − 0.049 (0.046) | 0.028 (0.025) | 0.028 (0.024) |
Face-to-face | ||||
At least few times a week | 0.013 (0.017) | |||
Telephone | ||||
At least few times a week | 0.049 (0.013)*** | |||