Journal of Population Sciences
Table 14 Expectations to go to upper secondary school (probit estimates)—female and male students attending lower secondary school
Variables | Whole sample | Females with both parents born abroad | Males with both parents born abroad | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st–2nd generation | 1st generation | 1st generation | 1st–2nd generation | 1st generation | 1st generation | ||
Coeff. (std errs) I | Coeff. (std errs) II | Coeff. (std errs) III | Coeff. (std errs) IV | Coeff. (std errs) V | Coeff. (std errs) VI | Coeff. (std errs) VII | |
Females | 0.172*** (0.048) | – | – | – | – | ||
North-East | − 0.019 (0.061) | − 0.062 (0.111) | − 0.008 (0.095) | − 0.026 (0.097) | − 0.117 (0.076) | − 0.186** (0.080) | − 0.152* (0.082) |
North-West | − 0.166** (0.066) | − 0.061 (0.130) | − 0.092 (0.124) | − 0.077 (0.123) | − 0.212** (0.085) | − 0.182** (0.093) | − 0.156* (0.093) |
Center | − 0.038 (0.068) | − 0.133 (0.118) | − 0.095 (0.097) | − 0.107 (0.098) | − 0.060 (0.076) | 0.006 (0.086) | 0.017 (0.086) |
Isles | − 0.032 (0.089) | 0.049 (0.134) | 0.087 (0.129) | 0.062 (0.137) | 0.008 (0.098) | 0.082 (0.108) | 0.087 (0.108) |
Second generation | − 0.117** (0.057) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Arr. before 2003a | − 0.115 (0.118) | − 0.004 (0.162) | – | – | − 0.053 (0.09) | – | – |
Arrived 2003/2007a | − 0.249*** (0.061) | − 0.209* (0.105) | − 0.229 (0.183) | − 0.169 (0.179) | − 0.123 (0.082) | − 0.069 (0.178) | − 0.086 (0.181) |
Arrived 2008/2014a | − 0.415*** (0.052) | − 0.332*** (0.084) | − 0.353** (0.174) | − 0.309* (0.170) | − 0.336*** (0.075) | − 0.291* (0.176) | − 0.296* (0.162) |
Arrived 2015a | − 0.437*** (0.096) | − 0.040 (0.143) | 0.017 (0.215) | − 0.094 (0.200) | − 0.594*** (0.059) | − 0.556*** (0.062) | − 0.575*** (0.207) |
Family wealth | − 0.029 (0.046) | − 0.013 (0.095) | − 0.157* (0.093) | − 0.018 (0.209) | − 0.062 (0.058) | − 0.056 (0.062) | − 0.055 (0.062) |
Working father | 0.230*** (0.073) | 0.109 (0.113) | 0.105 (0.124) | 0.152* (0.091) | 0.021 (0.115) | 0.019 (0.091) | 0.055 (0.095) |
Working mother | − 0.099** (0.050) | − 0.069 (0.082) | − 0.007 (0.099) | 0.009 (0.094) | 0.087 (0.072) | − 0.041 (0.076) | 0.029 (0.074) |
Father’s education | 0.053*** (0.014) | 0.163** (0.056) | 0.038 (0.069) | − 0.051 (0.072) | 0.079** (0.039) | 0.041 (0.047) | 0.031 (0.053) |
Mother’s educ | 0.184*** (0.031) | − 0.109*** (0.021) | 0.100*** (0.025) | 0.318 (0.064) | 0.055** (0.017) | 0.061** (0.019) | 0.097* (0.048) |
BigMun | 0.233*** (0.062) | 0.166* (0090) | 0.229** (0.111) | 0.221** (0.111) | 0.201** (0.081) | 0.200** (0.090) | 0.157* (0.091) |
ENR-90 | 0.007 (0.006) | 0.006 (0.005) | 0.006 (0.076) | 0.007* (0.004) | |||
GDP-90 | 0.007 (0.01) | 0.00004 (0.00003) | 0.011 (0.076) | 0.0003 (0.0015) | |||
GII-95 | 0.489* (0.272) | 0.229 (0.349) | ) | 0.659** (0.260) | 0.732** (0.272) | ||
ENR-15 | −0.001(0.003) | 0.007**(0.003) | |||||
GII-15 | −0.067(0.49) | 1.417**(0.379) | |||||
GDP-15 | 0.0003(0.005) | −0.0003(0.045) | |||||
MARGINAL EFFECTS | |||||||
Father’s education | 0.012*** | 0.042** | 0.012 | 0.015 | 0.026** | 0.014 | 0.01 |
Mother’s educ | 0.041*** | 0.029*** | 0.029*** | 0.092*** | 0.018** | 0.021** | 0.033* |
ENR-90 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002* | |||
GII-95 | 0.128* | 0.065 | 0.214** | 0.254*** | |||
ENR-15 | 0.0004 | 0.003** | |||||
GII-15 | 0.019 | 0.491*** | |||||
LL | − 193,437.47 | − 18,495.087 | − 11,653.399 | − 12,712.523 | − 26,548.378 | − 17,518.831 | − 17,487.748 |
Wald test (param.) | 411.51 (19) | 142.11 (23) | 112.34 (23) | 74.38 (23) | 166.11 (23) | 93.47 (23) | 91.63 (23) |
Pseudo-R2 | 0.065 | 0.078 | 0.07 | 0.061 | 0.055 | 0.045 | 0.045 |
N. observations | 16,404 | 3650 | 2434 | 2434 | 4495 | 3111 | 3111 |