Journal of Population Sciences
Table 6 Expectations to go to university (Probit estimates)—first and second-generation students in upper secondary school by gender
Variables | Femalesa | Malesb | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coeff. (std. errs.) I | Coeff. (std. errs.) II | Coeff. (std. errs.) III | Coeff. (std. errs.) IV | Coeff. (std. errs.) V | Coeff. (std. errs.) VI | Coeff. (std. errs.) VII | Coeff. (std. errs.) VIII | |
North-East | − 0.106 (0.140) | − 0.112 (0.140) | − 0.139 (0.143) | − 0.120 (0.142) | 0.022 (0.153) | 0.039 (0.150) | 0.054 (0.149) | 0.062 (0.148) |
North-West | − 0.044 (0.152) | − 0.048 (0.153) | − 0.065 (0.154) | − 0.06 (0.155) | − 0.230 (0.148) | − 0.153 (0.145) | − 0.124 (0.144) | − 0.103 (0.143) |
Center | − 0.163 (0.150) | − 0.162 (0.151) | − 0.169 (0.151) | − 0.159 (0.151) | − 0.155 (0.160) | − 0.124 (0.157) | − 0.101 (0.156) | − 0.116 (0.154) |
Isles | 0.07 (0.189) | 0.065 (0.191) | 0.081 (0.195) | 0.099 (0.193) | − 0.075 (0.257) | − 0.047 (0.254) | − 0.071 (0.266) | − 0.052 (0.256) |
Arrived before 2003c | 0.047 (0.134) | 0.032 (0.137) | − 0.093 (0.146) | − 0.125 (0.149) | − 0.221* (0.133) | − 0.115 (0.133) | − 0.022 (0.141) | − 0.028 (0.141) |
Arrived in 2003/2007c | 0.081 (0.122) | 0.066 (0.125) | − 0.076 (0.138) | − 0.117 (0.138) | − 0.316** (0.115) | − 0.213* (0.118) | − 0.124 (0.129) | − 0.118 (0.128) |
Arrived in 2008/2014c | 0.029 (9.125) | 0.019 (0.124) | − 0.144 (0.139) | − 0.186 (0.138) | − 0.093 (0.119) | − 0.023 (0.12) | 0.073 (0.133) | 0.098 (0.133) |
Arrived in 2015c) | 0.233 (0.344) | 0.236 (0.345) | 0.091 (0.343) | 0.050 (0.347) | 0.055 (0.336) | 0.083 (0.348) | 0.171 (0.353) | 0.209 (0.349) |
School year | 0.307*** (0.048) | 0.313*** (0.048) | 0.315*** (0.047) | 0.306*** (0.048) | 0.232*** (0.042) | 0.213*** (0.041) | 0.207*** (0.040) | 0.204*** (0.040) |
Family wealth | − 0.096 (0.097) | − 0.102 (0.098) | − 0.119 (0.102) | − 0.137 (0.098) | − 0.170** (0.082) | − 0.195** (0.079) | − 0.195*** (0.079) | − 0.195** (0.079) |
Working father | 0.097 (0.126) | 0.075 (0.128) | 0.083 (0.130) | 0.071 (0.129) | − 0.092 (0.125) | − 0.129 (0.121) | − 0.132 (0.119) | − 0.144 (0.118) |
Working mother | − 0.047 (0.100) | − 0.039 (0.101) | − 0.047 (0.102) | − 0.076 (0.106) | 0.051 (0.098) | 0.014 (0.097) | 0.004 (0.095) | − 0.001 (0.096) |
Father’s education | 0.099 (0.063) | 0.099 (0.064) | 0.093 (0.063) | 0.086 (0.063) | 0.119* (0.069) | 0.140** (0.068) | 0.146** (0.068) | 0.159** (0.068) |
Mother’s education | 0.235*** (0.064) | 0.242*** (0.065) | 0.243*** (0.065) | 0.244*** (0.065) | 0.207*** (0.065) | 0.175*** (0.064) | 0.181** (0.064) | 0.177*** (0.062) |
BigMun | 0.06 (0.102) | 0.052 (0.100) | 0.023 (0.098) | 0.030 (0.097) | 0.544*** (0.115) | 0.512*** (0.104) | 0.525*** (0.104) | 0.525*** (0.104) |
ENR-90 | −0.002(0.004) | 0.004(0.005) | 0.003(0.004) | 0.011***(0.005) | 0.008(0.006) | 0.006(0.006) | ||
GDP-90 | −0.019**(0.009) | −0.015(0.015) | 0.012(0.69) | −0.0003(0.01) | ||||
GII-95 | −0.583(0.391) | −0.559(0.351) | ||||||
MARGINAL EFFECTS | ||||||||
Father’s education | 0.039 | 0.039 | 0.037 | 0.034 | 0.039* | 0.047** | 0.049** | 0.053** |
Mother’s education | 0.094*** | 0.096*** | 0.097*** | 0.095** | 0.069*** | 0.058*** | 0.060** | 0.059** |
ENR-90 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.004*** | 0.002 | 0.002 | |||
No. observations | 3040 | 3040 | 3040 | 3040 | 2820 | 2820 | 2820 | 2820 |
Wald (no. parameters) | 118.40 (19) | 123 (22) | 132.58 (23) | 140.53 (26) | 145.74 (19) | 148.12 (22) | 149.63 (23) | 152.73 (26) |
LL | − 25,601.833 | − 25,545.367 | − 25,421.34 | − 25,332.213 | − 23,690.064 | − 23,443.465 | − 23,385.627 | − 23,282.973 |
Pseudo-R2 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.083 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 |