Journal of Population Sciences
Table 8 Expectations to go to university (Probit multilevel model)—first-generation students in upper secondary school by gender
Variables | Femalesa | Malesb | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coeff. (std errs) I | Coeff. (std errs) II | Coeff. (std errs) III | Coeff. (std errs) IV | Coeff. (std errs) V | Coeff. (std errs) VI | |
North-East | 0.04 (0.079) | 0.04 (0.079) | 0.054 (0.08) | 0.116 (0.09) | 0.112 (0.09) | 0.129 (0.089) |
North-West | 0.147* (0.085) | 0.146* (0.085) | 0.152* (0.085) | 0.075 (0.095) | 0.071 (0.095) | 0.058 (0.095) |
Center | 0.038 (0.087) | 0.038 (0.088) | 0.044 (0.087) | 0.029 (0.095) | 0.027 (0.095) | 0.022 (0.095) |
Isles | 0.122 (0.138) | 0.121 (0.138) | 0.136 (0.139) | − 0.018 (0.147) | − 0.023 (0.147) | − 0.032 (0.146) |
Arrived in 2003/2007c | − 0.039 (0.069) | − 0.039 (0.069) | − 0.043 (0.068) | − 0.008 (0.075) | − 0.007 (0.075) | 0.001 (0.075) |
Arrived in 2008/2014c | − 0.115 (0.074) | − 0.115 (0.074) | − 0.121 (0.073) | 0.02 (0.081) | 0.022 (0.081) | 0.033 (0.082) |
Arrived in 2015c | 0.184 (0.236) | 0.183 (0.237) | 0.184 (0.235) | 0.138 (0.276) | 0.124 (0.278) | 0.14 (0.275) |
School year | 0.205*** (0.028) | 0.205*** (0.029) | 0.211*** (0.029) | 0.211*** (0.029) | 0.212*** (0.029) | 0.214*** (0.029) |
Family wealth | − 0.033 (0.055) | − 0.033 (0.055) | − 0.034 (0.055) | − 0.079 (0.052) | − 0.076 (0.052) | − 0.085* (0.051) |
Working father | 0.130* (0.069) | 0.13* (0.069) | 0.127* (0.068) | 0.010 (0.081) | 0.012 (0.081) | 0.019 (0.079) |
Father’s education | 0.143*** (0.041) | 0.143*** (0.041) | 0.141*** (0.041) | 0.187*** (0.047) | 0.186*** (0.047) | 0.188*** (0.046) |
Working mother | 0.007 (0.06) | 0.007 (0.06) | 0.019 (0.059) | − 0.018 (0.065) | − 0.014 (0.066) | − 0.011 (0.065) |
Mother’s education | 0.215*** (0.04) | 0.215*** (0.041) | 0.205*** (0.04) | 0.171*** (0.043) | 0.172*** (0.043) | 0.172*** (0.043) |
BigMun | − 0.076 (0.059) | − 0.075 (0.059) | − 0.085 (0.059) | 0.141** (0.069) | 0.142** (0.069) | 0.149** (0.069) |
ENR-90 | − 0.003 (0.003) | − 0.003 (0.004) | 0.008* (0.004) | 0.006 (0.0046) | ||
GII-95 | − 0.087 (0.293) | − 0.082 (0.307) | 0.574 (0.381) | 0.667* (0.401) | ||
GDP-90 | 0.008 (0.013) | 0.001 (0.001) | ||||
ENR-15 | 0.003 (0.002) | 0.004 (0003) | ||||
GII-15 | 0.649* (0.390) | 1.047** (0.44) | ||||
GDP-15 | − 0.0004 (0.00005) | 0.0006 (0.0005) | ||||
Var. (constant) | 0.012 (0.015) | 0.012 (0.016) | 0.009 (0.014) | 0.045 (0.025) | 0.046 (0.025) | 0.038 (0.022) |
LR test vs. probit:χ2 (1) | 1.65 | 1.53 | 0.89 | 9.70 | 9.81 | 8.24 |
LL | − 1697.549 | − 1697.548 | − 1693.0682 | − 1351.824 | − 1351.524 | − 1350.969 |
Wald | 206.17 (24) | 206.10 (25) | 209.16 | 173.41 (24) | 173.83 | 173.55 |
No. observations | 2628 | 2628 | 2628 | 2368 | 2368 | 2368 |